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Duez Q, Tinnemans P, Elemans JAAW, Roithová J. Kinetics of ligand exchange in solution: a quantitative mass spectrometry approach. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9759-9769. [PMID: 37736645 PMCID: PMC10510763 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex speciation and exchange kinetics of labile ligands are critical parameters for understanding the reactivity of metal complexes in solution. We present a novel approach to determine ligand exchange parameters based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The introduction of isotopically labelled ligands to a solution of metal host and unlabelled ligands allows the quantitative investigation of the solution-phase equilibria. Furthermore, ion mobility separation can target individual isomers, such as ligands bound at specific sites. As a proof of concept, we investigate the solution equilibria of labile pyridine ligands coordinated in the cavity of macrocyclic porphyrin cage complexes bearing diamagnetic or paramagnetic metal centres. The effects of solvent, porphyrin coordination sphere, transition metal, and counterion on ligand dissociation are discussed. Rate constants and activation parameters for ligand dissociation in the solution can be derived from our ESI-MS approach, thereby providing mechanistic insights that are not easily obtained from traditional solution-phase techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A A W Elemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Jana A, Jash M, Dar WA, Roy J, Chakraborty P, Paramasivam G, Lebedkin S, Kirakci K, Manna S, Antharjanam S, Machacek J, Kucerakova M, Ghosh S, Lang K, Kappes MM, Base T, Pradeep T. Carborane-thiol protected copper nanoclusters: stimuli-responsive materials with tunable phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1613-1626. [PMID: 36794193 PMCID: PMC9906781 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise nanomaterials with tunable solid-state luminescence attract global interest. In this work, we present a new class of thermally stable isostructural tetranuclear copper nanoclusters (NCs), shortly Cu4@oCBT, Cu4@mCBT and Cu4@ICBT, protected by nearly isomeric carborane thiols: ortho-carborane-9-thiol, meta-carborane-9-thiol and ortho-carborane 12-iodo 9-thiol, respectively. They have a square planar Cu4 core and a butterfly-shaped Cu4S4 staple, which is appended with four respective carboranes. For Cu4@ICBT, strain generated by the bulky iodine substituents on the carboranes makes the Cu4S4 staple flatter in comparison to other clusters. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR ESI-MS) and collision energy-dependent fragmentation, along with other spectroscopic and microscopic studies, confirm their molecular structure. Although none of these clusters show any visible luminescence in solution, bright μs-long phosphorescence is observed in their crystalline forms. The Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT NCs are green emitting with quantum yields (Φ) of 81 and 59%, respectively, whereas Cu4@ICBT is orange emitting with a Φ of 18%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the nature of their respective electronic transitions. The green luminescence of Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT clusters gets shifted to yellow after mechanical grinding, but it is regenerated after exposure to solvent vapour, whereas the orange emission of Cu4@ICBT is not affected by mechanical grinding. Structurally flattened Cu4@ICBT didn't show mechanoresponsive luminescence in contrast to other clusters, having bent Cu4S4 structures. Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT are thermally stable up to 400 °C. Cu4@oCBT retained green emission even upon heating to 200 °C under ambient conditions, while Cu4@mCBT changed from green to yellow in the same window. This is the first report on structurally flexible carborane thiol appended Cu4 NCs having stimuli-responsive tunable solid-state phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Jana
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Madhuri Jash
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Wakeel Ahmed Dar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Jayoti Roy
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Ganesan Paramasivam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Sujan Manna
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Sudhadevi Antharjanam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Jan Machacek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kucerakova
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Na Slovance4 1999/2, 182 21, Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Tomas Base
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
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Pan P, Zhou C, Li H, Zhu C, Chen C, Kang X, Zhu M. Reversible transformation between Au 14Ag 8 and Au 14Ag 4 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17162-17167. [PMID: 34636384 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although several approaches have been exploited to trigger the structural transformation of metal nanoclusters, most cases are assigned to the unidirectional conversion, while the reversible conversion of nanoclusters remains challenging. In this work, the reversible conversion between two Au-Ag alloy nanoclusters, Au14Ag8(Dppm)6(CN)4Cl4 and Au14Ag4(Dppm)6Cl4, has been accomplished, which was tracked by UV-vis and ESI-MS spectroscopy. The condition of the nanocluster reversible conversion has been meticulously mapped out. Our results provide some new insights into the cluster transformation, which will benefit the future preparation of metalloid clusters with customized structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
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