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Mobian P, Pham DJ, Chaumont A, Barloy L, Khalil G, Kyritsakas N. Circular Heterochiral Titanium-Based Self-Assembled Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14067-14078. [PMID: 38728688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Circular trinuclear helicates have been synthesized from a bis-biphenol strand (LH4), titanium isopropoxide, and various diimine ligands. These self-assembled architectures constructed around three TiO4N2 nodes have a heterochiral structure (C1 symmetry) when 2,2'-bipyridine (A), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (B), 4,4'-bromo-2,2'-bipyridine (C), or 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrimidine (D) is employed. Within these complexes, one nitrogen ligand is endo-positioned inside the metallo-macrocycle, whereas the other two diimine ligands point outside the helicate framework. This investigation highlights that the nitrogen ligand which does not participate in the helicate framework of the complex controls the overall symmetry of the helicate since the 2,2'-bipyrimidine chelate (F) ends in the formation of a homochiral aggregate (C3 symmetry). The lack of symmetry found in the solid state for the trinuclear species ([Ti3L3(B)3], [Ti3L3(C)3], and [Ti3L3(D)3]) is observed for these complexes in solution (dichloromethane or chloroform). Remarkably, the 2,2'-bipyrazine ligand (ligand E) ends in the formation of a hexameric aggregate formulated as [Ti6L6(E)6], whereas the use of 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrimidine (ligand D) permits to generate the dinuclear complexes ([Ti2L(D)2(OiPr)4] and [Ti2L2(D)2]) in addition to the trimeric structure [Ti3L3(D)3]. The behavior of [Ti3L3(A)3] in solution, on the other hand, is unique since an equilibrium between the homochiral and the heterochiral form is reached within 17 days after the complex has been dissolved in dichloromethane (C3-[Ti3L3(A)3]/C1-[Ti3L3(A)3] ratio = 0.3). In chloroform, the heterochiral form of [Ti3L3(A)3] is stable for the same period of time, evidencing the dependence of this stereochemical transformation toward the solvent medium. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters linked to this stereochemical equilibrium have been obtained and point to the fact that the transformation is intramolecular and not induced by the presence of external ligands. The thermodynamic constant of the C1-[Ti3L3(A)3]/C3-[Ti3L3(A)3] equilibrium is found to be K = 0.34 ± 10%. Further evidence to rationalize this solvent-induced symmetry switch is obtained via a DFT calculation and classical molecular dynamics. In particular, this computational investigation elucidates the reason why the stereochemical transformation of a heterochiral architecture into a homochiral structure is possible only for a trinuclear assembly containing ligand A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mobian
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140 (team SFAM), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - David-Jérôme Pham
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140 (team SFAM), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140 (team MSM), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Barloy
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140 (team SFAM), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Khalil
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140 (team SFAM), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140 (team LTM), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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2
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Yanagawa A, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Synthesis and characterization of one-handed helical oligo( o-phenylene)s: control of axial chirality by planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1468-1471. [PMID: 38223998 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Optically active oligo(o-phenylene)-layered molecules were synthesized from planar chiral enantiopure [2.2]paracyclophane. Their structures and optical properties were characterized by experimental and theoretical approaches. The axial chiralities between phenylene rings of the oligo(o-phenylene)s were controlled by the planar chirality to form one-handed helical structures. The o-quinquephenyl-layered molecule was emissive, and circularly polarized luminescence was observed with a high anisotropy factor (|glum| value) of 0.012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yanagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
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Peddi S, Livieri JM, Vemuri GN, Hartley CS. Engineering Chiral Induction in Centrally Functionalized o-Phenylenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:788-795. [PMID: 36602975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Work on foldamers, nonbiological oligomers that mimic the hierarchical structure of biomacromolecules, continues to yield new architectures of ever increasing complexity. o-Phenylenes, a class of helical aromatic foldamers, are well-suited to this area because of their structural simplicity and the straightforward characterization of their folding in solution. However, control of structure requires, by definition, control over folding handedness. Control over o-phenylene twist sense is currently lacking. While chiral induction from groups at o-phenylene termini has been demonstrated, it would be useful to instead direct twisting from internal positions to leave the ends free. Here, we explore chiral induction in a series of o-phenylenes with chiral imides at their centers. Conformational behavior has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopies and density functional theory calculations. Chiral induction in otherwise unfunctionalized o-phenylenes is generally poor. However, strategic functionalization of the helix surface with trifluoromethyl or methyl groups allows it to better interact with the imide groups, greatly increasing diastereomeric excesses. The sense of chiral induction is consistent with computational models that suggest that it primarily arises from a steric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumalatha Peddi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Juliana M Livieri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Gopi Nath Vemuri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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4
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Liarou E, Houck HA, Du Prez FE. Reversible Transformations of Polymer Topologies through Visible Light and Darkness. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6954-6963. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Liarou
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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5
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Jang HJ, Lee S, An BJ, Song G, Jeon HG, Jeong KS. Tweezer-type binding cavity formed by the helical folding of a carbazole-pyridine oligomer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1410-1413. [PMID: 34994755 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06569f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesised a new aromatic foldamer based on the carbazole-pyridine oligomers that adopt helical conformations via dipole-dipole interactions and π-stacking between two ethynyl bond-linked monomers. This foldamer scaffold has been further modified into a synthetic receptor with a tweezer-type binding cavity outside the helical backbone upon folding, in contrast to most aromatic foldamers with internal binding cavities. The tweezer-type cavity is composed of two parallel pyrenyl planes, allowing for the intercalation of a naphthalenediimide guest via π-stacking and CH⋯O interactions, as demonstrated using its 1H NMR spectra and X-ray crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Jun An
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Geun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu-Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Peddi S, Bookout MC, Vemuri GN, Hartley CS. Guest-Driven Control of Folding in a Crown-Ether-Functionalized ortho-Phenylene. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3686-3690. [PMID: 35023738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A crown-ether-functionalized o-phenylene tetramer has been synthesized and coassembled with monotopic and ditopic, achiral and chiral secondary ammonium ion guests. NMR spectroscopy shows that the o-phenylene forms both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with monotopic guests while remaining well-folded. Binding of an elongated ditopic guest, however, forces the o-phenylene to misfold by pulling the terminal rings apart. A chiral ditopic guest biases the o-phenylene twist sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumalatha Peddi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Molly C Bookout
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Gopi Nath Vemuri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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7
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Kirinda VC, Vemuri GN, Kress NG, Flynn KM, Kumarage ND, Schrage BR, Tierney DL, Ziegler CJ, Hartley CS. Fluorine Labeling of ortho-Phenylenes to Facilitate Conformational Analysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15085-15095. [PMID: 34641678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1H NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the conformational analysis of ortho-phenylene foldamers in solution. However, as o-phenylenes are integrated into ever more complex systems, we are reaching the limits of what can be analyzed by 1H- and 13C-based NMR techniques. Here, we explore fluorine labeling of o-phenylene oligomers for analysis by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Two series of fluorinated oligomers have been synthesized. Optimization of monomers for Suzuki coupling enables an efficient stepwise oligomer synthesis. The oligomers all adopt well-folded geometries in solution, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. 19F NMR experiments complement these methods well. The resolved singlets of one-dimensional 19F{1H} spectra are very useful for determining relative conformer populations. The additional information from two-dimensional 19F NMR spectra is also clearly valuable when making 1H assignments. The comparison of 19F isotropic shielding predictions to experimental chemical shifts is not, however, currently sufficient by itself to establish o-phenylene geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj C Kirinda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Gopi Nath Vemuri
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Nicholas G Kress
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Flynn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | | | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - David L Tierney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | | | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Urushibara K, Ferrand Y, Liu Z, Katagiri K, Kawahata M, Morvan E, D'Elia R, Pophristic V, Tanatani A, Huc I. Accessing Improbable Foldamer Shapes with Strained Macrocycles. Chemistry 2021; 27:11205-11215. [PMID: 33905165 PMCID: PMC8453500 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The alkylation of some secondary amide functions with a dimethoxybenzyl (DMB) group in oligomers of 8-amino-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid destabilizes the otherwise favored helical conformations, and allows for cyclization to take place. A cyclic hexamer and a cyclic heptamer were produced in this manner. After DMB removal, X-ray crystallography and NMR show that the macrocycles adopt strained conformations that would be improbable in noncyclic species. The high helix folding propensity of the main chain is partly expressed in these conformations, but it remains frustrated by macrocyclization. Despite being homomeric, the macrocycles possess inequivalent monomer units. Experimental and computational studies highlight specific fluxional pathways within these structures. Extensive simulated annealing molecular dynamics allow for the prediction of the conformations for larger macrocycles with up to sixteen monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Urushibara
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceOchanomizu University2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-kuTokyo112-8610Japan
- CBMN (UMR 5248)Université de BordeauxCNRSBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Yann Ferrand
- CBMN (UMR 5248)Université de BordeauxCNRSBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of the Sciences600 South 43rd StreetPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Kosuke Katagiri
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and EngineeringKonan University8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-kuKobe658-8501Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa Pharmaceutical University3-3165 Higashi-TamagawagakuenMachidaTokyo194-8543Japan
| | - Estelle Morvan
- IECB (UMS3033/US001)Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Ryan D'Elia
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of the Sciences600 South 43rd StreetPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Vojislava Pophristic
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of the Sciences600 South 43rd StreetPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Aya Tanatani
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceOchanomizu University2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-kuTokyo112-8610Japan
| | - Ivan Huc
- CBMN (UMR 5248)Université de BordeauxCNRSBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein ScienceLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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