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Lachguar A, Pichugov AV, Neumann T, Dubrawski Z, Camp C. Cooperative activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds by heterobimetallic systems. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1393-1409. [PMID: 38126396 PMCID: PMC10804807 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The direct activation of C-H bonds has been a rich and active field of organometallic chemistry for many years. Recently, incredible progress has been made and important mechanistic insights have accelerated research. In particular, the use of heterobimetallic complexes to heterolytically activate C-H bonds across the two metal centers has seen a recent surge in interest. This perspective article aims to orient the reader in this fast moving field, highlight recent progress, give design considerations for further research and provide an optimistic outlook on the future of catalytic C-H functionalization with heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Lachguar
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Andrey V Pichugov
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Till Neumann
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Zachary Dubrawski
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Clément Camp
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
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Nguyen VT, Lai Q, Witayapaisitsan N, Bhuvanesh N, Surawatanawong P, Ozerov OV. Migration of Hydride, Methyl, and Chloride Ligands between Al and M in (PAlP)M Pincer Complexes (M = Rh or Ir). Organometallics 2023; 42:3120-3129. [PMID: 38357656 PMCID: PMC10863399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Protolysis of AlMe3 or AlBui3 with 2-diisopropylphosphinopyrrole (1) yields molecules containing two flanking phosphines and a central Al-Me (2-Me), Al-iBu (2-iBu), or Al-H (2-H) unit. The reactions of 2-Me with [L2MCl]2 (L = cyclooctene or 1/2 1,5-cyclooctadiene and M = Rh or Ir) in the presence of pyridine produces PAlClP pincer complexes (3-Rh and 3-Ir) with Al-Cl and M-Me bonds. The analogous reaction of a mixture of 2-iBu and 2-H with [L2MCl]2 and pyridine resulted in the formation of analogous Rh-H (4-Rh) and Ir-H (4-Ir) complexes. Treatment of 3-Rh with NaBEt3H produced compound 5-Rh with an Al-Me and a Rh-H bond; the analogous reaction of 3-Ir did not result in a clean product. 4-Ir accepted an equivalent of H2 to produce 6-Ir with two terminal Ir-H bonds and one bridging Al-H-Ir moiety, whereas 4-Rh did not react with H2. The density functional theoretical treatment is in accord with this finding, highlights the likely mechanism for the H2 addition, and supports the bonding picture in 6-Ir arising from NMR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) observations. Spectroscopic data and XRD studies are consistent with distorted square-pyramidal structures (about Rh or Ir) for compounds 3-5, with an alane occupying the apical position. Complexes 3 and 4 possess some of the shortest known Rh-Al or Ir-Al distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Qingheng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Naphol Witayapaisitsan
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Oleg V. Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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de las Heras L, Esteruelas MA, Oliván M, Oñate E. Rhodium-Promoted C-H Bond Activation of Quinoline, Methylquinolines, and Related Mono-Substituted Quinolines. Organometallics 2022; 41:2317-2326. [PMID: 36866062 PMCID: PMC9969481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The C-H bond activation of methylquinolines, quinoline, 3-methoxyquinoline, and 3-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline promoted by the square-planar rhodium(I) complex RhH{κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} [1; xant(PiPr2)2 = 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)xanthene] has been systematically studied. Results reveal that the activation of the heteroring is preferred over the activation of the carbocycle, and the activated position depends upon the position of the substituent in the substrate. Thus, 3-, 4-, and 5-methylquinoline reacts with 1 to quantitatively form square-planar rhodium(I)-(2-quinolinyl) derivatives, whereas 2-, 6-, and 7-methylquinoline quantitatively leads to rhodium(I)-(4-quinolinyl) species. By contrast, quinoline and 8-methylquinoline afford mixtures of the respective rhodium(I)-(2-quinolinyl) and -(4-quinolinyl) complexes. 3-Methoxyquinoline displays the same behavior as that of 3-methylquinoline, while 3-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline yields a mixture of rhodium(I)-(2-quinolinyl), -(4-quinolinyl), -(6-quinolinyl), and -(7-quinolinyl) isomers.
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Spielvogel KD, Durgaprasad G, Daly SR. Configurational Flexibility of a Triaryl-Supported SBS Ligand with Rh and Ir: Structural Investigations and Olefin Isomerization Catalysis. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Spielvogel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Gummadi Durgaprasad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
- Department of Chemistry, RGUKT-AP, IIIT-Ongole, Andhra Pradesh 523225, India
| | - Scott R. Daly
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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Gorgas N, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Cooperative C-H Bond Activation by a Low-Spin d 6 Iron-Aluminum Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8770-8777. [PMID: 35512338 PMCID: PMC9121387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of transition metal complexes underpin numerous synthetic processes and catalytic transformations. Typically, this reactivity involves the participation of empty and filled molecular orbitals centered on the transition metal. Kinetically stabilized species, such as octahedral low-spin d6 transition metal complexes, are not expected to participate directly in these reactions. However, novel approaches that exploit metal-ligand cooperativity offer an opportunity to challenge these preconceptions. Here, we show that inclusion of an aluminum-based ligand into the coordination sphere of neutral low-spin d6 iron complex leads to unexpected reactivity. Complexes featuring an unsupported Fe-Al bond are capable of the intermolecular C-H bond activation of pyridines. Mechanistic analysis suggests that C-H activation proceeds through a reductive deprotonation in which the two metal centers (Fe and Al) act like a frustrated Lewis pair. The key to this behavior is a ground state destabilization of the d6 iron complex, brought about by the inclusion of the electropositive aluminum-based ligand. These findings have immediate implications for the design of reagents and catalysts based on first-row transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gorgas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, United
Kingdom
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Gordon BM, Lease N, Emge TJ, Hasanayn F, Goldman AS. Reactivity of Iridium Complexes of a Triphosphorus-Pincer Ligand Based on a Secondary Phosphine. Catalytic Alkane Dehydrogenation and the Origin of Extremely High Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4133-4146. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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