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Li H, Wang J, Jiao L, Hao E. BODIPY-based photocages: rational design and their biomedical application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5770-5789. [PMID: 38752310 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01412j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Photocages, also known as photoactivated protective groups (PPGs), have been utilized to achieve controlled release of target molecules in a non-invasive and spatiotemporal manner. In the past decade, BODIPY fluorophores, a well-established class of fluorescent dyes, have emerged as a novel type of photoactivated protective group capable of efficiently releasing cargo species upon irradiation. This is due to their exceptional properties, including high molar absorption coefficients, resistance to photochemical and thermal degradation, multiple modification sites, favorable uncaging quantum yields, and highly adjustable spectral properties. Compared to traditional photocages that mainly absorb UV light, BODIPY-based photocages that absorb visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) light offer advantages such as deeper tissue penetration and reduced bio-autofluorescence, making them highly suitable for various biomedical applications. Consequently, different types of photoactivated protective groups based on the BODIPY skeleton have been established. This highlight provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies employed to construct BODIPY photocages by substituting leaving groups at different positions within the BODIPY fluorophore, including the meso-methyl position, boron position, 2,6-position, and 3,5-position. Furthermore, the application of these BODIPY photocages in biomedical fields, such as fluorescence imaging and controlled release of active species, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Medicinal and Food Homologous Natural Resources Exploration, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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2
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Ishikawa S, Maeda H, Segi M, Furuyama T. Dehydro[12]- and [18]annulene-Fused Ball-Shaped Ruthenium Complex Oligomers: Synthesis, Aromatic/Antiaromatic Effect, and Symmetry for Near-Infrared Optical Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400407. [PMID: 38486467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The appropriate arrangement of near-infrared (NIR) chromophores allows for the modification of the peak wavelength in the NIR region and efficient use of NIR light. However, the preparation of novel NIR chromophores using simple procedures remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis of ball-shaped ruthenium complex oligomers. The metal complexes can be synthesized in a single step and interact strongly with NIR light. Alkyne-substituted low-symmetry ball-shaped ruthenium complexes were synthesized and subjected to Eglinton coupling to obtain dehydro[12] and [18]annulene-fused dimers and trimers. Fine-tuning of the reaction conditions led to the selective synthesis of the target oligomers. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the 18π-aromatic and 12π-antiaromatic properties of the annulene influenced the ruthenium complex chromophore, and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy showed changes in the electronic structure of their excited state owing to molecular-symmetry differences. The absorption coefficient in the NIR region of the absorption spectra of the oligomers increased significantly, supporting the efficient use of light by oligomerization. The formation of oligomers using ball-shaped metal complexes is a simple and effective strategy for controlling NIR optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hajime Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahito Segi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Taniyuki Furuyama
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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3
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Wang L, Cheng C, Yu C, Wu Q, Kang Z, Wang H, Jiao L, Hao E. NIR-absorbing and emitting α,α-nitrogen-bridged BODIPY dimers with strong excitonic coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5054-5057. [PMID: 38634482 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00878b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Three new distinct NIR α,α-NH-bridged BODIPY dimers were prepared by a direct nucleophilic substitution reaction. The synergistic effects of the nitrogen bridges and strong excitonic coupling between each BODIPY unit play major roles in enhancing the delocalization of an electron spin over the entire BODIPY dimers. The in situ formed aminyl radical dimer showed an absorption maximum at 1040 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Cheng Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Zhengxin Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
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4
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Fu X, Man Y, Yu C, Sun Y, Hao E, Wu Q, Hu A, Li G, Wang CC, Li J. Unsymmetrical Benzothieno-Fused BODIPYs as Efficient NIR Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4826-4839. [PMID: 38471124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are potentially suitable for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this contribution, a new family of unsymmetrical benzothieno-fused BODIPYs with reactive oxygen efficiency up to 50% in air-saturated toluene was reported. Their efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) resulted in the generation of both 1O2 and O2-• under irradiation. More importantly, the PDT efficacy of a respective 4-methoxystyryl-modified benzothieno-fused BODIPY in living cells exhibited an extremely high phototoxicity with an ultralow IC50 value of 2.78 nM. The results revealed that the incorporation of an electron-donating group at the α-position of the unsymmetrical benzothieno-fused BODIPY platform might be an effective approach for developing long-wavelength absorbing heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yingxiu Man
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yingzhu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Anzhi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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5
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Shi Q, Ding N, Wang Z, Gou X, Peng L, Ma J, Fang Y. Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Materials Featuring Triplet Hybrid Local Charge Transfer Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2995-3001. [PMID: 38457284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Room-temperature phosphorescence materials have found important applications in dissolved oxygen sensing, temperature monitoring, anticounterfeiting, etc., because of their prolonged phosphorescence lifetime. However, the known systems mainly utilize the triplet local excited state emission, which is generally less sensitive to microenvironment perturbation. In this work, we designed a series of 4-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NMI) derivatives containing different numbers of carbazole (Cz) units (denoted as NMI-Cz, NMI-2Cz, and NMI-3Cz). Steady state and time-resolved spectroscopy studies determined that the compounds undergo intramolecular through-space charge transfer in solution, yielding a triplet hybrid local charge transfer state. Room-temperature phosphorescence emission was observed in compound-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) thin films upon ammonia treatment. Interestingly, emission from different films exhibited different persistence times. We believe a film-based, time-resolved luminescent ammonia sensor could be developed by making a device of the emissive films as fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Gou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lingya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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6
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Shang Y, Li Z, Zhu Z, Guo L, Wu Q, Guo X, Zhang L, Yu C, Hao E, Jiao L. Strategic Construction of meso-Aryl-Substituted N,N-Carbonyl-Bridged Dipyrrinones as Small, Bright, and Tunable Fluorophores. Org Lett 2024; 26:1573-1578. [PMID: 38334420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel N,N-carbonyl-bridged dipyrrinone fluorophores have been directly constructed from α-halogenated dipyrrinones, which are conveniently obtained from the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of readily available α,α'-dihalodipyrrins. This novel methodology affords efficient modulation of the functional groups at both the meso- and α-positions of this fluorophore. These resultant dyes show tunable absorption and emission wavelengths, good molar absorption coefficients, relatively large Stokes shifts, and excellent fluorescence quantum yields up to 0.99, and have been successfully applied in both one- and two-photon fluorescence microscopy imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Shang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhongxin Li
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhu
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Luying Guo
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials; The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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7
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Li J, Du X, Zhou X, Yoon J. Self-Assembly Induced Photosensitization of Long-Tailed Heavy-Atom-Free BODIPY Derivatives for Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301022. [PMID: 37209386 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Type I photosensitizers (PSs) are a promising approach for photodynamic therapy (PDT) since they can generate radicals that are tolerant to hypoxia. Thus, the development of highly efficient type I PSs is essential. Self-assembly is a promising strategy for developing novel PSs with desirable properties. Here, a simple and effective approach is developed to create heavy-atom-free PSs for PDT by self-assembling long-tailed boron dipyrromethene dyes (BODIPYs). The resulting aggregates BY-I16 and BY-I18 can efficiently convert their excited energy to the triplet state, producing reactive oxygen species that are essential for PDT. Furthermore, the aggregation and PDT performance can be regulated by adjusting the length of the tailed alkyl chains. As proof of concept, the efficacy of these heavy-atom-free PSs both in vitro and in vivo under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigai Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xianfa Du
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
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8
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Wang L, Wu Q, Kang Z, Guo X, Miao W, Li Z, Zuo H, Wang H, Si H, Jiao L, Hao E. Regioselective Synthesis of Directly Connected BODIPY Dimers through Oxidative Coupling of α-Amino-Substituted BODIPYs. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37393595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A family of directly β,β-linked BODIPY dimers with amino groups at α-positions were regioselectively prepared by the oxidative coupling reaction of α-amino-substituted BODIPYs. The structure of one representative dimer was elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis, showing its twisted orientation of two BODIPY units with a dihedral angle of 49°. Comparing with the corresponding monomers, these dimers showed red-shifted absorptions and emissions along with efficient intersystem crossing, giving ΦΔ of 43% for dimer 4b in toluene, indicating potential use as heavy-atom-free photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Zhengxin Kang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Wei Miao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhongxin Li
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Huiquan Zuo
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Hongwei Si
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
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9
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Zhang X, Sukhanov AA, Liu X, Taddei M, Zhao J, Harriman A, Voronkova VK, Wan Y, Dick B, Di Donato M. Origin of intersystem crossing in highly distorted organic molecules: a case study with red light-absorbing N, N, O, O-boron-chelated Bodipys. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5014-5027. [PMID: 37206394 PMCID: PMC10189861 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between the twisted π-conjugation framework of aromatic chromophores and the efficacy of intersystem crossing (ISC), we have studied a N,N,O,O-boron-chelated Bodipy derivative possessing a severely distorted molecular structure. Surprisingly, this chromophore is highly fluorescent, showing inefficient ISC (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 12%). These features differ from those of helical aromatic hydrocarbons, where the twisted framework promotes ISC. We attribute the inefficient ISC to a large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES1/T1 = 0.61 eV). This postulate is tested by critical examination of a distorted Bodipy having an anthryl unit at the meso-position, for which ΦΔ is increased to 40%. The improved ISC yield is rationalized by the presence of a T2 state, localized on the anthryl unit, with energy close to that of the S1 state. The electron spin polarization phase pattern of the triplet state is (e, e, e, a, a, a), with the Tz sublevel of the T1 state overpopulated. The small zero-field splitting D parameter (-1470 MHz) indicates that the electron spin density is delocalized over the twisted framework. It is concluded that twisting of π-conjugation framework does not necessarily induce ISC, but S1/Tn energy matching may be a generic feature for increasing ISC for a new-generation of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Complessi OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
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10
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Gao J, Luan T, Lv J, Yang M, Li H, Yuan Z. An oxygen-carrying and lysosome-targeting BODIPY derivative for NIR bioimaging and enhanced multimodal therapy against hypoxic tumors. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 241:112666. [PMID: 36842340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment modalities have gradually shifted from monotherapies to multimodal therapies. It is still a challenge to develop a synergistic chemo-phototherapy system with relieving tumor hypoxia, specific targeting, and real-time fluorescence tracking. In this study, we designed a multifunctional BODIPY derivative, FBD-M, for synergistic chemo-phototherapy against hypoxic tumors. FBD-M was composed of four parts: 1) The BODIPY fluorophore selected as a theranostic core, 2) A pentafluorobenzene group modified on meso-BODIPY to carry oxygen, 3) A morpholine group hooked to one side of BODIPY served as a lysosome-targeting unit for enhancing antitumor effect, and 4) An aromatic nitrogen mustard group introduced on other side of BODIPY to achieve chemotherapy. After introducing the morpholine and aromatic nitrogen mustard in BODIPY, the conjugate system of BODIPY was also expanded to realize near-infrared (NIR) phototherapy. Finally, FBD-M was obtained by a rational design, which possessed with NIR absorbance and emission, photosensitive activity, oxygen-carrying capability for relieving tumor hypoxia, high photothermal conversion efficiency, good photostability, lysosome targeting, low toxicity, and synergistic chemo-phototherapy against hypoxic tumors. FBD-M had been successfully applied for anticancer in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates that FBD-M can serve as an ideal multifunctional theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Tianjiao Luan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Zeli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China; Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China.
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11
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Ansteatt S, Uthe B, Mandal B, Gelfand RS, Dunietz BD, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Engineering giant excitonic coupling in bioinspired, covalently bridged BODIPY dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8013-8027. [PMID: 36876508 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Strong excitonic coupling in photosynthetic systems is believed to enable efficient light absorption and quantitative charge separation, motivating the development of artificial multi-chromophore arrays with equally strong or even stronger excitonic coupling. However, large excitonic coupling strengths have typically been accompanied by fast non-radiative recombination, limiting the potential of the arrays for solar energy conversion as well as other applications such as fluorescent labeling. Here, we report giant excitonic coupling leading to broad optical absorption in bioinspired BODIPY dyads that have high photostability, excited-state lifetimes at the nanosecond scale, and fluorescence quantum yields of nearly 50%. Through the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and computational modeling of a series of dyads with different linking moieties, we show that the strongest coupling is obtained with diethynylmaleimide linkers, for which the coupling occurs through space between BODIPY units with small separations and slipped co-facial orientations. Other linkers allow for broad tuning of both the relative through-bond and through-space coupling contributions and the overall strength of interpigment coupling, with a tradeoff observed in general between the strength of the two coupling mechanisms. These findings open the door to the synthesis of molecular systems that function effectively as light-harvesting antennas and as electron donors or acceptors for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ansteatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Rachel S Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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12
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Ma L, Kuang Z, Wang Z, Zhao H, Wan Y, Zhang XF, Li Y, Xia A. Ultrafast Charge Separation Driven by Torsional Motion in Orthogonal Boron Dipyrromethene Dimer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:702-708. [PMID: 36646067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photoinduced charge separation (CS) via symmetry breaking in an orthogonal meso-β-linked boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dimer was investigated by polarized transient absorption spectroscopy. The time constant about 0.76 ps of the CS reaction determined in dimethyl sulfoxide is much faster than the solvation dynamics. The observed transient anisotropy of the BODIPY anion band implies that both hole and electron transfers occur with similar probabilities. The bidirectional charge transfer processes suggest that the locally excited state is weakly coupled to the polar solvent, and the solvation coupled excited-state structural relaxation within the BODIPY monomeric unit is rather limited. In combination with the electronic excitation analysis based on time-dependent density-functional theory calculations, we deduced that the CS in the orthogonal BODIPY dimer is enabled via the torsional motion associated with covalently connected BODIPY units, promoting the electronic coupling, and irrelevant to the dynamic solvent relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Fu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Andong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
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13
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Gong Q, Zhang X, Li W, Guo X, Wu Q, Yu C, Jiao L, Xiao Y, Hao E. Long-Wavelength Photoconvertible Dimeric BODIPYs for Super-Resolution Single-Molecule Localization Imaging in Near-Infrared Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21992-21999. [PMID: 36414278 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxide-bridged dimeric BODIPYs were developed as a new class of long-wavelength photoconvertible fluorophores. Upon visible-light irradiation, a sulfoxide moiety was released to generate the corresponding α,α-directly linked dimeric BODIPYs. The extrusion of SO from sulfoxides was mainly through an intramolecular fashion involving reactive triplet states. By this photoconversion, not only were more than 100 nm red shifts of absorption and emission maxima (up to 648/714 nm) achieved but also stable products with bright fluorescence were produced with high efficiency. The combination of photoactivation and red-shifted excitation/emission offered optimal contrast and eliminated the interference from biological autofluorescence. More importantly, the in situ products of these visible-light-induced reactions demonstrated ideal single-molecule fluorescence properties in the near-infrared region. Therefore, this new photoconversion could be a powerful photoactivation method achieving super-resolution single-molecule localization imaging in a living cell without using UV illumination and cell-toxic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wanwan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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14
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Guo X, Tang B, Wu Q, Bu W, Zhang F, Yu C, Jiao L, Hao E. Engineering BODIPY-based near-infrared nanoparticles with large Stokes shifts and aggregation-induced emission characteristics for organelle specific bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5612-5623. [PMID: 35802059 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) and lysosomes, as two important subcellular organelles, play specific and indispensable roles in various cellular processes. The development of efficient LD- and lysosome-specific fluorescent bio-probes is of great importance. However, current commercial lipid droplet- (LD) and lysosome-specific fluorescent specific bio-probes often suffer from the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, short absorption and emission wavelengths, poor photostability and low specificity. Herein, a typical ACQ luminogen BODIPY was directly conjugated to strong electron donating triarylamine units at its α-positions, giving near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent materials TPAB and 2TPAB with aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Both TPAB and 2TPAB nanoparticles were obtained by self-assembly, and showed NIR emissions, large Stokes shifts, good photostability and two-photon absorption. These nanoparticles presented remarkable bioimaging performances and were shown to specifically localize in LDs or lysosomes, respectively, depending on the number of triarylamine units attached. They have been successfully used to detect endogenous LD overproduction, and monitor abnormal activities of LDs/lysosomes, as well as real-time track the lipophagy process in cells. Their far NIR emission and two-photon excitation further supported their promising bioimaging application for lipid droplet tracking in liver tissue and live zebrafish larvae. Our work here enriches BODIPY based NIR AIE dyes and provides organelle specific bio-probes which are superior to currently used commercial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Bing Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Weibin Bu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
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15
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Lv F, Li H, Wu Q, Guo X, Zhang H, Yu C, Jiao L, Hao E. Silver-mediated, direct phosphorylation of BODIPY dyes at the 3- or 3,5-positions with H-phosphonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3937-3940. [PMID: 35244131 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A direct and regioselective C-H/P-H cross-coupling of dialkyl phosphites, and diphenylphosphine oxide to easily available BODIPYs through an Ag-mediated radical addition, resulted in a series of new α-phosphorylated BODIPY fluorophores under mild conditions. Hydrolysis of the phosphonate gave the corresponding BODIPY phosphoric acid, which is soluble and fluorescent in water with a high quantum yield of 0.83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China. .,Department of Chemistry, WanNan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Changjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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16
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Li Z, Zhang L, Wu Q, Li H, Kang Z, Yu C, Hao E, Jiao L. Boron-Templated Synthesis of B(III)-Submonoazaporphyrins: The Hybrids of B(III)-Subporphyrins and B(III)-Subporphyrazines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6692-6697. [PMID: 35294839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new class of hybridized and core-contracted porphyrinoids, B(III)-submonoazaporphyrins, which may be viewed as the hybrids of B(III)-subporphyrins and B(III)-subporphyrazines, was reported. The versatile single-step synthesis was based on an efficient intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction on readily available α-amino-α'-bromotripyrromethenes, while boronic acids, trifluoroborate salts, or trimethoxyborate simultaneously acted as the template and provider of apical substituent. Those new hybrids, as robust and photostable compounds, were fully characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. They showed intense absorption and emission in the visible region, and their electrochemical properties and computational calculation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhengxin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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17
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Zhou W, Sarma T, Yang L, Lei C, Sessler JL. Controlled assembly of a bicyclic porphyrinoid and its 3-dimensional boron difluoride arrays. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7276-7282. [PMID: 35799810 PMCID: PMC9214847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A fully conjugated cryptand-like bicyclic porphyrinoid ligand 4, incorporating three carbazole linkages and four dipyrrin moieties, was prepared via the acid-catalysed condensation of an extended 2,2′-bipyrrole analogue containing a central carbazole moiety and 3,4-diethyl-2,5-diformylpyrrole in 79% isolated yield. This new cryptand-like system acts as an effective ligand and allows for complexation of BF2 (boron difluoride) subunits. Three BODIPY arrays, containing two, three, and four BF2 subunits, namely 4·2BF2, 4·3BF2 and 4·4BF2, could thus be isolated from the reaction of 4 with BF3·Et2O in the presence of triethylamine at 110 °C, albeit in relatively low yield. As prepared, bicycle 4 is characterized by a rigid C2 symmetric structure as inferred from VT NMR spectroscopic analyses. In contrast, the three BODIPY-like arrays produced as the result of BF2 complexation are conformationally flexible and unsymmetric in nature as deduced from similar analyses. All four products, namely 4, 4·2BF2, 4·3BF2 and 4·4BF2, were characterized by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Tetramer 4·4BF2 gives rise to a higher extinction coefficient (by 2.5 times) relative to the bis- and tris-BODIPY arrays 4·2BF2 and 4·3BF2. This was taken as evidence for stronger excitonic coupling in the case of 4·4BF2. All three BODIPY-like arrays proved nearly non-fluorescent, as expected given their conformationally mobile nature. The efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also determined for the new BODIPY arrays of this study. A cryptand-like bicyclic porphyrinoid was obtained in preference over the monocyclic porphyrinoid by controlling the reaction stoichiometry and condensation conditions. The cryptand-like species supports formation of multiple 3D BODIPY-like arrays.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
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