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Kemppainen J, Gissinger JR, Gowtham S, Odegard GM. LUNAR: Automated Input Generation and Analysis for Reactive LAMMPS Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5108-5126. [PMID: 38926930 PMCID: PMC11234336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Generating simulation-ready molecular models for the LAMMPS molecular dynamics (MD) simulation software package is a difficult task and impedes the more widespread and efficient use of MD in materials design and development. Fixed-bond force fields generally require manual assignment of atom types, bonded interactions, charges, and simulation domain sizes. A new LAMMPS pre- and postprocessing toolkit (LUNAR) is presented that efficiently builds molecular systems for LAMMPS. LUNAR automatically assigns atom types, generates bonded interactions, assigns charges, and provides initial configuration methods to generate large molecular systems. LUNAR can also incorporate chemical reactivity into simulations by facilitating the use of the REACTER protocol. Additionally, LUNAR provides postprocessing for free volume calculations, cure characterization calculations, and property predictions from LAMMPS thermodynamic outputs. LUNAR has been validated via building and simulation of pure epoxy and cyanate ester polymer systems with a comparison of the corresponding predicted structures and properties to benchmark values, including experimental results from the literature. LUNAR provides the tools for the computationally driven development of next-generation composite materials in the Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) and Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) frameworks. LUNAR is written in Python with the usage of NumPy and can be used via a graphical user interface, a command line interface, or an integrated design environment. LUNAR is freely available via GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Kemppainen
- Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Jacob R. Gissinger
- Stevens
Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - S. Gowtham
- Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Gregory M. Odegard
- Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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2
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Wu Y, Lin T, Santos E, Ahn D, Marson R, Sarker P, Chen X, Gubbels F, Shephard NE, Mohler C, Wei T, Kuo TC, Chen Z. Molecular behavior of silicone adhesive at buried polymer interface studied by molecular dynamics simulation and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4765-4775. [PMID: 38841820 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Silicones have excellent material properties and are used extensively in many applications, ranging from adhesives and lubricants to electrical insulation. To ensure strong adhesion of silicone adhesives to a wide variety of substrates, silane-based adhesion promotors are typically blended into the silicone adhesive formulation. However, little is known at the molecular level about the true silane adhesion promotion mechanism, which limits the ability to develop even more effective adhesion promoters. To understand the adhesion promotion mechanism of silane molecules at the molecular level, this study has used sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG) to determine the behavior of (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy silane (γ-GPS) at the buried interface between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a bulk silicone adhesive. To complement and extend the SFG results, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to investigate molecular behavior and interfacial interaction of γ-GPS at the silicone/PET interface. Free energy computations were used to study the γ-GPS interaction in the sample system and determine the γ-GPS interfacial segregation mechanism. Both experiments and simulations consistently show that γ-GPS molecules prefer to segregate at the interface between PET and PDMS. The methoxy groups on γ-GPS molecules orient toward the PDMS polymer phase. The consistent picture of interfacial structure emerging from both simulation and experiment provides enhanced insight on how γ-GPS behaves in the silicone - PET system and illustrates why γ-GPS could improve the adhesion of silicone adhesive, leading to further understanding of silicone adhesion mechanisms useful in the design of silicone adhesives with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Dongchan Ahn
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Ryan Marson
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Pranab Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | | | | | - Carol Mohler
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Tzu-Chi Kuo
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Yamamoto S, Tsuji Y, Kuwahara R, Yoshizawa K, Tanaka K. Effect of Condensed Water at an Alumina/Epoxy Resin Interface on Curing Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12613-12621. [PMID: 38767655 PMCID: PMC11191686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The adhesion of epoxy adhesives to aluminum materials is an important issue in assembling parts for lightweight mobility. Aluminum surfaces typically possess an oxide layer, which readily adsorbs water. In this study, the aggregation states of water and its effect on the curing reaction were examined by placing a water layer between an amorphous alumina surface and a mixture of epoxy and amine components. This study used molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. Before the reaction, water molecules strongly adsorbed onto the alumina surface, aggregating excess water. Some water diffused into the epoxy/amine mixture, accelerating the diffusion of unreacted substances. This led to faster reaction kinetics, particularly in proximity to the alumina surface. The adsorption of water molecules onto the alumina surface and the aggregation of excess water were similarly observed even after the curing process. Subsequently, the interaction between the alumina surface and various functional groups of the epoxy/amine mixture was evaluated before and after the reaction. Epoxy monomers had little interaction with the alumina surface before the reaction, whereas hydroxy groups formed by the ring-opening reaction of epoxy groups exhibited notable interaction. Conversely, sulfonyl and amino groups in amine compounds formed hydrogen bonds with OH groups on the alumina surface before the reaction. However, after the reaction, amino groups weakened their interaction with the alumina OH groups as they transformed from primary to tertiary during the curing reaction. Both epoxy and amine monomers/fragments similarly interacted with water molecules, both before and after the reaction. The insights gained from this study are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of moisture absorption on the application of epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamamoto
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty
of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | | | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Center
for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Kamo Y, Matsumoto A. Control of Pore Sizes in Epoxy Monoliths and Applications as Sheet-Type Adhesives in Combination with Conventional Epoxy and Acrylic Adhesives. Molecules 2024; 29:2059. [PMID: 38731550 PMCID: PMC11085113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Materials with monolithic structures, such as epoxy monoliths, are used for a variety of applications, such as for column fillers in gas chromatography and HPLC, for separators in lithium-ion batteries, and for precursor polymers for monolith adhesion. In this study, we investigated the fabrication of epoxy monoliths using 1,3-bis(N,N-diglycidylaminomethyl)cyclohexane (TETRAD-C) as the tetrafunctional epoxy and 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (BACM) as the amine curing agent to control pore diameters using polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of differing molecular weights as the porogenic agents. We fabricated an epoxy monolith with micron-order pores and high strength levels, and which is suitable for the precursors of composite materials in cases where smaller PEGs are used. We discussed the effects of the porous structures of monoliths on their physical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperatures. For example, epoxy monoliths prepared in the presence of PEGs exhibited an elastic modulus less than 1 GPa at room temperature and Tg values of 175-187 °C, while the epoxy bulk thermoset produced without any porogenic solvent showed a high elastic modulus as 1.8 GPa, which was maintained at high temperatures, and a high Tg of 223 °C. In addition, the unique adhesion characteristics of epoxy monolith sheets are revealed as a result of the combinations made with commercial epoxy and acrylic adhesives. Epoxy monoliths that are combined with conventional adhesives can function as sheet-type adhesives purposed with avoiding problems when only liquid-type adhesives are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kamo
- Advanced Technology R&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 8-1-1, Tsukaguchi-Honmachi, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-8661, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
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Liu Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Cao B, Wu K, Wang L. Understanding Water Diffusion Behaviors in Epoxy Resin through Molecular Simulations and Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4871-4880. [PMID: 38377364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The unclear understanding of the water diffusion behavior posts a big challenge to the manipulation of water absorption properties in epoxy resins. Herein, we investigated the water diffusion behavior and its relationship with molecule structures inside an epoxy resin mainly by the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and experiments. It is found that at the initial rapid water absorption stage, bound water and free water both contribute, while at the later slow water absorption stage, free water plays a dominant role. The observed evolution of free water and bound water cannot be explained by the traditional Langmuir model. In addition, molecule polarity, free volume, and segment mobility can all influence the water diffusion process. Hence, the epoxy resin with low polarity and high molecular segment mobility is endowed with higher diffusion coefficients. The saturated water absorption content is almost dependent on the polarity. The understanding of how water diffuses and what decides the diffusion process is critical to the rational design of molecule structures for improving the water resistance in epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Engineering Laboratory of Power Equipment Reliability in Complicated Coastal Environments, Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Engineering, The University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Northcote House, Exeter EX4 4QJ, U.K
| | - Kangning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Power Equipment Reliability in Complicated Coastal Environments, Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Tominaga R, Takeda Y, Kotera M, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto A. Non-destructive observation of internal structures of epoxy monolith and co-continuous network polymer using X-ray CT imaging for elucidation of their unique mechanical features and fracture mechanism. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Shundo A, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Network Formation and Physical Properties of Epoxy Resins for Future Practical Applications. JACS AU 2022; 2:1522-1542. [PMID: 35911459 PMCID: PMC9327093 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are used in various fields in a wide range of applications such as coatings, adhesives, modeling compounds, impregnation materials, high-performance composites, insulating materials, and encapsulating and packaging materials for electronic devices. To achieve the desired properties, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how the network formation and physical state change involved in the curing reaction affect the resultant network architecture and physical properties. However, this is not necessarily easy because of their infusibility at higher temperatures and insolubility in organic solvents. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge related to these issues which has been gathered using various experimental techniques in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. This should provide useful ideas for researchers who aim to design and construct various thermosetting polymer systems including currently popular materials such as vitrimers over epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Shundo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Nakamura S, Yamamoto S, Tsuji Y, Tanaka K, Yoshizawa K. Theoretical Study on the Contribution of Interfacial Functional Groups to the Adhesive Interaction between Epoxy Resins and Aluminum Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6653-6664. [PMID: 35588009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the quality and reliability of products bonded by epoxy resin adhesives, elucidation of the microscopic adhesion mechanism is essential. The adhesive interaction and bonding strength between epoxy resins and hydroxylated γ-alumina (001) surfaces were investigated by using a combined molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) study. The curing reaction of an epoxy resin consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) was simulated. The resin structure was divided into fragmentary structures to study the interaction of each functional group with the alumina surface using DFT calculations. From the characteristics of the adhesive structures and the calculated adhesion energies, it was found that the fragments forming hydrogen bonds with hydroxy groups on the alumina surface resulted in large adhesion energies. On the other hand, the fragments adsorbed on the alumina surface via dispersion interactions resulted in small adhesion energies. The adhesion forces evaluated from the Hellmann-Feynman force calculations indicated the significant contribution of the hydroxy groups and benzene ether moieties derived from DGEBA to the adhesive stress of the DGEBA/DDS epoxy resin. The direction of hydrogen bonding between the epoxy resin and the surface and the difference in geometry at the interface between the donor and acceptor of hydrogen bonding played a central role in maintaining the adhesive strength during the failure process of the adhesive interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nakamura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Nakamura S, Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K. Molecular Dynamics Study on the Thermal Aspects of the Effect of Water Molecules at the Adhesive Interface on an Adhesive Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14724-14732. [PMID: 34870994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of adsorbed water on hydrophilic solid surfaces should be taken into account, especially in humid environments. It significantly reduces the adhesive strength between the epoxy resin and the adherend surface. Here, the adhesion structure of interfacial water sandwiched between bisphenol A epoxy resin and a hydroxylated silica (001) surface is investigated with microsecond molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, interfacial water layers with initial thicknesses of 7.5, 10, and 20 Å are modeled. The density curves of water and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A show that at room temperature, the surface of the silica with hydroxyl groups is completely covered with a thick layer of water. For water layers thinner than 10 Å, the density of epoxy resin on the silica surface increases when the system is heated and does not return to the original density when the system is cooled. Furthermore, calculation of the interaction energy revealed that the exclusion of water from the hydroxylated surface by epoxy resin during heating can contribute to the increase in the adhesive interaction between the epoxy resin and the silica surface with hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nakamura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Shundo A, Aoki M, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Effect of Cross-Linking Density on Horizontal and Vertical Shift Factors in Linear Viscoelastic Functions of Epoxy Resins. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Shundo
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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