1
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Yan X, Huang H, Bakry AM, Wu W, Liu X, Liu F. Advances in enhancing the mechanical properties of biopolymer hydrogels via multi-strategic approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132583. [PMID: 38795882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The limited mechanical properties of biopolymer-based hydrogels have hindered their widespread applications in biomedicine and tissue engineering. In recent years, researchers have shown significant interest in developing novel approaches to enhance the mechanical performance of hydrogels. This review focuses on key strategies for enhancing mechanical properties of hydrogels, including dual-crosslinking, double networks, and nanocomposite hydrogels, with a comprehensive analysis of their underlying mechanisms, benefits, and limitations. It also introduces the classic application scenarios of biopolymer-based hydrogels and the direction of future research efforts, including wound dressings and tissue engineering based on 3D bioprinting. This review is expected to deepen the understanding of the structure-mechanical performance-function relationship of hydrogels and guide the further study of their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hechun Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Amr M Bakry
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, New Valley, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Wanqiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuguo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Liu X. One-Pot Preparation of Skin-Inspired Multifunctional Hybrid Hydrogel with Robust Wound Healing Capacity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5855-5870. [PMID: 37748138 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired hydrogels have demonstrated multiple superiorities over traditional wound dressings for wound healing applications. However, the fabrication of bioinspired hydrogel-based wound dressings with desired functionalities always requires multiple successive steps, time-consuming processes, and/or sophisticated protocols, plaguing their clinical applications. Here, a facile one-pot strategy is developed to prepare a skin-inspired multifunctional hydrogel within 30 min by incorporating elastin (an essential functional component of the dermal extracellular matrix), tannic acid, and chitosan into the covalently cross-linked poly(acrylamide) network through noncovalent interactions. The resulting hydrogel exhibits a Young's modulus (ca. 36 kPa) comparable to that of human skin, a high elongation-at-break (ca. 1550%), a satisfactory tensile strength (ca. 61 kPa), and excellent elastic self-restorability, enabling the hydrogel to synchronously and conformally deform with human skin when used as wound dressings. Importantly, the hydrogel displays a self-adhesive property to skin tissues with an appropriate bonding strength (ca. 55 kPa measured on intact porcine skin), endowing the hydrogel with the ability to rapidly self-adhere to intact human skin, sealing the wound surface and also easily being removed without residue left or trauma caused to the skin. The hydrogel also possesses remarkable antibacterial activity, antioxidant capability, and hemocompatibility. All of these collective beneficial properties enable the hydrogel to significantly accelerate the wound healing process, outperforming the commercial wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Yang Y, Suo D, Zhao S, Cheung JCW, Leung PHM, Zhao X. A Biomimetic Adhesive and Robust Janus Patch with Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Bacterial Activities for Tendon Repair. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16798-16816. [PMID: 37622841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Early stage oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and infection after tendon surgery are highly associated with the subsequent peritendinous adhesion formation, which may diminish the quality and function of the repaired tendon. Although various anti-inflammatory and/or antibacterial grafts have been proposed to turn the scale, most of them suffer from the uncertainty of drug-induced adverse effects, low mechanical strength, and tissue adhesiveness. Here, inspired by the tendon anatomy and pathophysiology of adhesion development, an adhesive and robust dual-layer Janus patch is developed, whose inner layer facing the operated tendon is a multifunctional electrospun hydrogel patch (MEHP), encircled further by a poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) fibrous outer layer facing the surrounding tissue. Specifically, MEHP is prepared by gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, which are co-electrospun first and then treated by tannic acid (TA). The inner MEHP exhibits superior mechanical performance, adhesion strength, and outstanding antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antibacterial properties, and it can adhere to the injury site offering a favorable microenvironment for tendon regeneration. Meanwhile, the outer PLLA acts as a physical barrier that prevents extrinsic cells and tissues from invading the defect site, reducing peritendinous adhesion formation. This work presents a proof-of-concept of a drug-free graft with anisotropic adhesive and biological functions to concert the healing phases of injured tendon by alleviating incipient inflammation and oxidative damage but supporting tissue regeneration and reducing tendon adhesion in the later phase of repair and remodeling. It is envisioned that this Janus patch could offer a promising strategy for safe and efficient tendon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuhe Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Di Suo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - James Chung-Wai Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Polly Hang-Mei Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
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4
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Akturk A, Kasikci FN, Dikmetas DN, Karbancioglu-Guler F, Erol-Taygun M. Hypericum perforatum Oil and Vitamin A Palmitate-Loaded Gelatin Nanofibers Cross-Linked by Tannic Acid as Wound Dressings. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24023-24031. [PMID: 37426268 PMCID: PMC10324379 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in wound dressing applications offer new therapies to promote the wound healing process. The main strategy of this study is to combine the traditional perspective of using medicinal oils with polymeric scaffolds manufactured by an engineering approach to fabricate a potential tissue engineering product that provides both new tissue formation and wound healing. Thus, Hypericum perforatum oil (HPO) and vitamin A palmitate (VAP) incorporated gelatin (Gt) nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully prepared by the electrospinning method. Tannic acid (TA) was used as the cross-linking agent. The amounts of VAP and HPO loaded in the base Gt solution [15% w/v in 4:6 v/v acetic acid/deionized water] were 5 and 50 wt % (based on the weight of Gt), respectively. The obtained scaffolds were studied regarding their microstructure, chemical structure, thermal stability, antibacterial activity, in vitro release study, and cellular proliferation assay. In the light of these studies, it was determined that VAP and HPO were incorporated successfully in Gt nanofibers cross-linked with TA. Release kinetic tests confirmed that the patterns of TA and VAP release were consistent with the Higuchi model, whereas HPO release was consistent with the first-order kinetic model. In addition, this membrane was biocompatible with L929 fibroblast cells and had antibacterial activity and thermal stability. This preliminary study suggests potential applicability of the proposed dressing to treat skin wounds in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysen Akturk
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Maslak, Istanbul 34449, Turkey
| | - Funda Nur Kasikci
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Maslak, Istanbul 34449, Turkey
| | - Dilara Nur Dikmetas
- Department
of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Maslak, Istanbul 34449, Turkey
| | | | - Melek Erol-Taygun
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Maslak, Istanbul 34449, Turkey
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5
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Xiong J, Zhan T, Hu Y, Guo Z, Wang S. A tough, stretchable, freeze-tolerated double-cross-linked conductive hydrogel and its application in flexible strain sensors. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zhang HJ, Wang X, Yang Y, Sun TL, Zhang A, You X. Effect of Hydrophobic Side Group on Structural Heterogeneities and Mechanical Performance of Gelatin-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Hydrogel. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jie Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yuxi Yang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Tao Lin Sun
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Aokai Zhang
- Changzhou Institute of Industry Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xiangyu You
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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7
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Zaidi SFA, Kim YA, Saeed A, Sarwar N, Lee NE, Yoon DH, Lim B, Lee JH. Tannic acid modified antifreezing gelatin organohydrogel for low modulus, high toughness, and sensitive flexible strain sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1665-1675. [PMID: 35487373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current hydrogel strain sensors have met assorted essential requirements of wearing comfort, mechanical toughness, and strain sensitivity. However, an increment in the toughness of a hydrogel usually leads to an increase in elastic moduli that could be unfavorable for wearing comfort. In addition, traits of biofriendly and sustainability require synthesis of the hydrogels from natural polymer-based networks. We propose a novel strategy to fabricate an ionic conductive organohydrogel from natural biological macromolecule "gelatin" and polyacid "tannic acid" to resolve these challenges. Tannic acid modified the structure of the gelatin network in the ionic conductive organohydrogels, that not only led to an increase in toughness accompanying a decrease in elastic moduli but also headed to higher strain sensitivity and tunability. The proposed methodology exhibited tunable tensile modulus from 27 to 13 kPa, tensile strength from 287 to 325 kPa, elongation at fracture from 510 to 620%, toughness from 500 to 550 kJ/m3, conductivity from 0.29 to 0.8 S/m, and strain sensitivity (GF = 1.4-6.5). Moreover, the proposed organohydrogel exhibited excellent freezing tolerance. This study provides a facile yet powerful strategy to tune the mechanical and electrical properties of organohydrogels which can be adapted to various wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Farrukh Alam Zaidi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 39161, Pakistan
| | - Yun Ah Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Aiman Saeed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasir Sarwar
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Textile Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Faisalabad Campus) 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Yoon
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwon Lim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Li Z, Cai J, Wei M, Chen J. An UV-photo and ionic dual responsive interpenetrating network hydrogel with shape memory and self-healing properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15105-15114. [PMID: 35693233 PMCID: PMC9116958 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00619g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory hydrogels have attracted extensive attention in fields such as artificial tissues, biomimetic devices and diagnostics, and intelligent biosensors. However, the practical applications were hindered by the absence of self-healing capability and multi-stimuli-responsiveness. To address these issues, we developed a shape memory hydrogel with self-healing and dual stimuli-response performance. The hydrogel system was constructed via an interpenetrating network consisting of in situ radical polymerization and host-guest interaction. The hydrogel exhibited rapid self-healing property, which can be stretched after self-healing for 1 min at 25 °C. Besides, the hydrogel displayed varied swelling performance in different light or solvent conditions. Moreover, the hydrogel showed a dual stimuli-responsive shape memory effect to ultraviolet (UV) light and ionic strength in 1 min. Such a shape memory hydrogel with self-healing ability and multi-stimuli-responsive properties will offer an option toward intelligent soft materials for biomedical and bionic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Jiwei Cai
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Miaohan Wei
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Juncheng Chen
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan 523808 China
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9
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Chen L, Qiang T, Chen X, Ren W, Zhang HJ. Gelatin from leather waste to tough biodegradable packaging film: One valuable recycling solution for waste gelatin from leather industry. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 145:10-19. [PMID: 35490538 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large amount of gelatin can be extracted from the solid waste in leather industry. The advanced application of such gelatin is always desired by the leather industry, but remains challenging. Considering the urgent requirement of biodegradable plastic film, in this study, the gelatin extracted from waste skin scrap in the leather industry was used to fabricate a waste gelatin-based film with a high gelatin content, excellent mechanical performance, and autonomous biodegradability in natural soil. The film was prepared by introducing covalent bonds and metal-ligand bonds to the gelatin matrix. These covalent bonds, metal-ligand bonds, and inherent hydrogen bonds in the gelatin matrix serve as multiple sacrificial bonds for effective energy dissipation giving the waste gelatin-based film excellent mechanical parameters with the highest fracture stress of ≈ 32 MPa, maximum fracture strain of ≈1.25 mm/mm, and a high Young's modulus of ≈ 471 MPa, which are significantly higher than those of the original gelatin film (fracture stress ≈ 4 MPa, fracture strain ≈ 0.70 mm/mm, and Young's modulus ≈ 22 MPa). Owing to the water resistance of covalent bonds and metal-ligand bonds existed in gelatin matrix, the gelatin film possesses good water resistance. Additionally, after use, the fabricated film can completely biodegrade in natural soil in approximately 7 weeks. This strategy not only provides a valuable recycling solution for the gelatin from the unwelcome solid waste of the leather industry, but it also broadens the range of ecofriendly and cost effective biodegradable films available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Glorious Sun Guangdong School of Fashion, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
| | - Wenqi Ren
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Hui Jie Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Huang K, Xu H, Chen C, Shi F, Wang F, Li J, Hu S. A novel dual crosslinked polysaccharide hydrogel with self-healing and stretchable properties. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00936b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized oxidatively modified acetoacetyl cellulose OCAA, and then a double-network polysaccharide complex hydrogel was prepared. The hydrogel exhibited very good mechanical strength, self-healing behavior, and good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
| | - Haotian Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
| | - Fengna Shi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
| | - Fang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China
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