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Zhu G, Zhang S, Lu G, Peng B, Lin C, Zhang L, Shi F, Zhang Q, Cheng M. ON-OFF Control of Marangoni Self-propulsion via A Supra-amphiphile Fuel and Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405287. [PMID: 38712847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Marangoni self-propulsion refers to motion of liquid or solid driven by a surface tension gradient, and has applications in soft robots/devices, cargo delivery, self-assembly etc. However, two problems remain to be addressed for motion control (e.g., ON-OFF) with conventional surfactants as Marangoni fuel: (1) limited motion lifetime due to saturated interfacial adsorption of surfactants; (2) in- situ motion stop is difficult once Marangoni flows are triggered. Instead of covalent surfactants, supra-amphiphiles with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts linked noncovalently, hold promise to solve these problems owing to its dynamic and reversible surface activity responsively. Here, we propose a new concept of 'supra-amphiphile fuel and switch' based on the facile synthesis of disodium-4-azobenzene-amino-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (DABS) linked by a Schiff base, which has amphiphilicity for self-propulsion, hydrolyzes timely to avoid saturated adsorption, and provides pH-responsive control over ON-OFF motion. The self-propulsion lifetime is extended by 50-fold with DABS and motion control is achieved. The mechanism is revealed with coupled interface chemistry involving two competitive processes of interfacial adsorption and hydrolysis of DABS based on both experiments and simulation. The concept of 'supra-amphiphile fuel and switch' provides an active solution to prolong and control Marangoni self-propulsive devices for the advance of intelligent material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guoxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Benwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cuiling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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Krishna Mani S, Al-Tooqi S, Song J, Sapre A, Zarzar LD, Sen A. Dynamic Oscillation and Motion of Oil-in-Water Emulsion Droplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316242. [PMID: 37939352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of interfacial tensions on droplets results in a range of self-powered motions that mimic those of living systems and serve as a tunable model to understand their complex non-equilibrium behavior. Spontaneous shape deformations and oscillations are crucial features observed in nature but difficult to incorporate in synthetic artificial systems. Here, we report sessile oil-in-water emulsions that exhibit rapid oscillating behavior. The oscillations depend on the nature and concentration of the surfactant, the chemical composition of the oil, and the wettability of the solid substrate. The rapid changes in the contact angle per oscillation are observed using side-view optical microscopy. We propose that the changes in the interfacial tension of the oil droplets is due to the partitioning of the surfactant into the oil phase and the movement of self-emulsified oil out of the parent droplets giving rise to the rhythmic variation in droplet contact-line. The ability to control and understand droplet oscillation can help model similar oscillations in out-of-equilibrium systems in nature and reproduce biomimetic behavior in artificial systems for various applications, such as microfluidic lab-on-a-chip and adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Krishna Mani
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sulaiman Al-Tooqi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Aditya Sapre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lauren D Zarzar
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Dixit S, Chotalia A, Shukla S, Roy T, Parmananda P. Pathway selection by an active droplet. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6844-6850. [PMID: 37655779 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the movement of an active 1-pentanol drop within a closed Y-shaped channel subjected to geometrical and chemical asymmetry. A Y-shaped channel was configured with an angle of 120° between any two arms, which serves as the closed area of movement for the active drop. The arm where the 1-pentanol drop is introduced in the beginning is considered the source arm, and the center of the Y-shaped structure is the decision region. The drop always selects a specific route to move away from the decision region. The total probability of pathway selection excludes the possibility of the drop choosing the source channel. Remarkably, the active drop exhibits a strong sense of navigation for both geometrically and chemically asymmetric environments with accuracy rates of 80% and 100%, respectively. The pathway selection in a chemically asymmetric channel is a demonstration of the artificial negative chemotaxis, where the extra confined drop acts as a chemo-repellent. To develop a better understanding of our observations, a numerical model is constructed, wherein the particle is subjected to a net force which is a combined form of - (i) Yukawa-like repulsive interaction force (acting between the drop and the walls), (ii) a self-propulsion force, (iii) a drag, and (iv) a stochastic force. The numerics can capture all the experimental findings both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, a statistical analysis validates conclusions derived from both experiments and numerics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Dixit
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India.
| | - Aarsh Chotalia
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India.
| | - Shantanu Shukla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India
| | - Tanushree Roy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India.
| | - P Parmananda
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 076, India.
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Jain R, Sharma J, Tiwari I, Gadre SD, Kumarasamy S, Parmananda P, Prasad A. In-phase and mixed-phase measure synchronization of camphor rotors. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:024217. [PMID: 37723774 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.024217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The numerical, analytical, and experimental analyses are presented for synchronizing two rotors under the Yukawa interaction. We report that the rotors exhibit in-phase and mixed-phase measure synchronizations for a pair of coupled rotors. Here, the analytical condition for synchronization is derived, tested numerically, and confirmed experimentally using coupled camphor infused rotors as a test bed. Moreover, the concept of measure synchronization is discussed. We report that, in conservative systems, not only the critical coupling parameter but initial conditions also play an essential role for estimating the measure synchronization region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ishant Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | | | - Suresh Kumarasamy
- Centre for Nonlinear Systems, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India
| | - P Parmananda
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Awadhesh Prasad
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Tiwari I, Parmananda P. How to capture active Marangoni surfers. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2710-2715. [PMID: 36779912 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01472f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surfers at the air-water interface form a large subset of the domain of active matter systems. They range from the water strider in the biological world to soluto-capillary effect driven artificial boats. In this work, we propose a general protocol to capture soluto-capillary effect driven interfacial surfers. By locally modifying the air-water interface using the perturbation from a micro-air-pump, these boats are reliably captured in the region of influence (ROI) of the perturbation. The surfers begin to explore the available space freely again once the perturbation is switched off. This method is successfully generalized to a couple of distinct surface-active chemicals used as fuel for the boats. Control experiments involving passive particles validate the results as being significantly better than purely mechanical "herding" of the particles. A possible mechanism behind the observed "trapping" is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishant Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - P Parmananda
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
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Synchronized motion of two camphor disks on a water droplet levitated under microgravity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Roy T, Chaurasia SS, Parmananda P. Phase-flip transition in volume-mismatched pairs of coupled 1-pentanol drops. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:034614. [PMID: 36266858 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.034614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have explored a variety of synchronization domains and observed phase-flip transition in a pair of coupled 1-pentanol drops as a function of the volume mismatch. Both experimental observations and numerical studies are presented. The experiments were carried out in a rectangular channel in a ferroin deionized water solution premixed with some volume of pentanol. A single pentanol drop (≥ 3μL) performs back and forth oscillations along the length of the channel due to the well-known Marangoni forces. In the present work, for a pair of drops, the drop 1 volume was changed from 3 to 5 μL in steps of 1μL, whereas the drop 2 volume was varied from 1 to 3 μL in steps of 0.5μL. A systematic investigation of all the possible combinations of the drop volumes showed the presence of three different types of synchrony-in-phase, antiphase, and phase-switched. In-phase synchronization was robust for a volume mismatch of >3.0μL between the two drops. On the other hand, antiphase synchronization was robust when the volume mismatch was <2.0μL. The phase-switched state is a synchronized state involving a phase-flip transition in the time domain. This state was observed for the intermediate range of volume mismatch. Numerically, the system has been investigated using two Stuart-Landau oscillators interacting via a coupling function in the form of Lennard-Jones potential. The numerical results suitably capture both in-phase and antiphase oscillations for a pair of volume-mismatched pentanol drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Roy
- Department of Physics, IIT Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - P Parmananda
- Department of Physics, IIT Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra, India
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Jain R, Sharma J, Tiwari I, Gadre SD, Kumarasamy S, Parmananda P, Prasad A. Generation of aperiodic motion due to sporadic collisions of camphor ribbons. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024201. [PMID: 36109890 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present numerical and experimental results for the generation of aperiodic motion in coupled active rotators. The numerical analysis is presented for two point particles constrained to move on a unit circle under the Yukawa-like interaction. Simulations exhibit that the collision among the rotors results in chaotic motion of the rotating point particles. Furthermore, the numerical model predicts a route to chaotic motion. Subsequently, we explore the effect of separation between the rotors on their chaotic dynamics. The numerically calculated fraction of initial conditions which led to chaotic motion shed light on the observed effects. We reproduce a subset of the numerical observations with two self-propelled ribbons rotating at the air-water interface. A pinned camphor rotor moves at the interface due to the Marangoni forces generated by surface tension imbalance around it. The camphor layer present at the common water surface acts as chemical coupling between two ribbons. The separation distance of ribbons (L) determines the nature of coupled dynamics. Below a critical distance (L_{T}), rotors can potentially, by virtue of collisions, exhibit aperiodic oscillations characterized via a mixture of co- and counterrotating oscillations. These aperiodic dynamics qualitatively matched the chaotic motion observed in the numerical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ishant Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | | | - Suresh Kumarasamy
- Centre for Nonlinear Systems, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India
| | - P Parmananda
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Awadhesh Prasad
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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