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Xing T, Wang X, Xu Y, Sun F, Chen M, Yan Q, Ma Z, Jiang H, Chen X, Li X, Sultan R, Yan T, Wang Z, Jia J. Click method preserves but EDC method compromises the therapeutic activities of the peptide-activated hydrogels for critical ischemic vessel regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116959. [PMID: 38906023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptide-functionalized hydrogel is one of commonly used biomaterials to introduce hydrogel-induced vessel regeneration. Despite many reports about the discoveries of high-active peptides (or ligands) for regeneration, the study on the conjugating methods for the hydrogel functionalization with peptides is limited. Here, we compared the vasculogenic efficacy of the peptide-functionalized hydrogels prepared by two commonly used conjugating methods, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and Click methods, through cell models, organ-on-chips models, animal models, and RNA sequencing analysis. Two vascular-related cell types, the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), have been cultured on the hydrogel surfaces prepared by EDC/Click methods. It showed that the hydrogels prepared by Click method supported the higher vasculogenic activities while the ones made by EDC method compromised the peptide activities on hydrogels. The vasculogenesis assays further revealed that hydrogels prepared by Click method promoted a better vascular network formation. In a critical ischemic hindlimb model, only the peptide-functionalized hydrogels prepared by Click method successfully salvaged the ischemic limb, significantly improved blood perfusion, and enhanced the functional recoveries (through gait analysis and animal behavior studies). RNA sequencing studies revealed that the hydrogels prepared by Click method significantly promoted the PI3K-AKT pathway activation compared to the hydrogels prepared by EDC method. All the results suggested that EDC method compromised the functions of the peptides, while Click method preserved the vascular regenerating capacities of the peptides on the hydrogels, illustrating the importance of the conjugating method during the preparation of the peptide-functionalized hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongying Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Sino-Swiss Institute of Advanced Technology, School of Micro-electronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies (SIBPT), Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Xu
- Department of colorectal surgery, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Surgery, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Department of Precision Medical Clinical Research Center, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyi Li
- Sino-Swiss Institute of Advanced Technology, School of Micro-electronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rabia Sultan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingdong Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies (SIBPT), Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Sino-Swiss Institute of Advanced Technology, School of Micro-electronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Hao R, Ye X, Chen X, Du J, Tian F, Zhang L, Ma G, Rao F, Xue J. Integrating Bioactive Graded Hydrogel with Radially Aligned Nanofibers to Dynamically Manipulate Wound Healing Process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37770-37782. [PMID: 38987992 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex process that requires appropriate treatment and management. Using a single scaffold to dynamically manipulate angiogenesis, cell migration and proliferation, and tissue reconstruction during skin wound healing is a great challenge. We developed a hybrid scaffold platform that integrates the spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues with topographical cues to dynamically manipulate the wound-healing process. The scaffold comprised gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels and electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibers. The hydrogels had graded cross-linking densities and were loaded with two different functional bioactive peptides. The nanofibers comprised a radially aligned nanofiber array layer and a layer of random fibers. During the early stages of wound healing, the KLTWQELYQLKYKGI peptide, which mimics vascular endothelial growth factor, was released from the inner layer of the hydrogel to accelerate angiogenesis. During the later stages of wound healing, the IKVAVS peptide, which promotes cell migration, synergized with the radially aligned nanofiber membrane to promote cell migration, while the nanofiber membrane also supported further cell proliferation. In an in vivo rat skin wound-healing model, the hybrid scaffold significantly accelerated wound healing and collagen deposition, and the ratio of type I to type III collagen at the wound site resembled that of normal skin. The prepared scaffold dynamically regulated the skin tissue regeneration process in stages to achieve rapid wound repair with clinical application potential, providing a strategy for skin wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xilin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Ministry of Education, National Trauma Medical Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhi Du
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Feng Rao
- Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Ministry of Education, National Trauma Medical Center, Peking University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Zhou C, Cai Z, Guo J, Li C, Qin C, Yan J, Yang D. Injective hydrogel loaded with liposomes-encapsulated MY-1 promotes wound healing and increases tensile strength by accelerating fibroblast migration via the PI3K/AKT-Rac1 signaling pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:396. [PMID: 38965546 PMCID: PMC11225333 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Failed skin wound healing, through delayed wound healing or wound dehiscence, is a global public health issue that imposes significant burdens on individuals and society. Although the application of growth factor is an effective method to improve the pace and quality of wound healing, the clinically approved factors are limited. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) demonstrates promising results in wound healing by promoting collagen deposition and cell migration, but its application is limited by potentially inhibitory effects when administered continuously and locally. Through partially replacing and repeating the amino acid domains of PTH(1-34), we previously designed a novel PTH analog, PTH(3-34)(29-34) or MY-1, and found that it avoided the inhibitory effects of PTH while retaining its positive functions. To evaluate its role in wound healing, MY-1 was encapsulated in liposomes and incorporated into the methacryloyl gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel, through which an injectable nanocomposite hydrogel (GelMA-MY@Lipo, or GML) was developed. In vitro studies revealed that the GML had similar properties in terms of the appearance, microstructure, functional groups, swelling, and degradation capacities as the GelMA hydrogel. In vitro drug release testing showed a relatively more sustainable release of MY-1, which was still detectable in vivo 9 days post-application. When the GML was topically applied to the wound areas of rat models, wound closure as well as tensile strength were improved. Further studies showed that the effects of GML on wound repair and tensile strength were closely related to the promotion of fibroblast migration to the wound area through the controlled release of MY-1. Mechanically, MY-1 enhanced fibroblast migration by activating PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream molecule, Rac1, by which it increased fibroblast aggregation in the early stage and resulting in denser collagen deposition at a later time. Overall, these findings demonstrated that the nanocomposite hydrogel system promoted skin wound healing and increased tensile strength, thus offering new potential in the treatment of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhihai Cai
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chengfu Li
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chenghe Qin
- Department of Orthopedics - Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Juanwen Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Dehong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Pramanik S, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alsanie WF, Nainwal P, Kimothi V, Deepak A, Sargsyan AS. Unveiling the versatility of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels: a comprehensive journey into biomedical applications. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:042008. [PMID: 38768611 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad4df7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have gained significant recognition as versatile biomaterials in the biomedical domain. GelMA hydrogels emulate vital characteristics of the innate extracellular matrix by integrating cell-adhering and matrix metalloproteinase-responsive peptide motifs. These features enable cellular proliferation and spreading within GelMA-based hydrogel scaffolds. Moreover, GelMA displays flexibility in processing, as it experiences crosslinking when exposed to light irradiation, supporting the development of hydrogels with adjustable mechanical characteristics. The drug delivery landscape has been reshaped by GelMA hydrogels, offering a favorable platform for the controlled and sustained release of therapeutic actives. The tunable physicochemical characteristics of GelMA enable precise modulation of the kinetics of drug release, ensuring optimal therapeutic effectiveness. In tissue engineering, GelMA hydrogels perform an essential role in the design of the scaffold, providing a biomimetic environment conducive to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Incorporating GelMA in three-dimensional printing further improves its applicability in drug delivery and developing complicated tissue constructs with spatial precision. Wound healing applications showcase GelMA hydrogels as bioactive dressings, fostering a conducive microenvironment for tissue regeneration. The inherent biocompatibility and tunable mechanical characteristics of GelMA provide its efficiency in the closure of wounds and tissue repair. GelMA hydrogels stand at the forefront of biomedical innovation, offering a versatile platform for addressing diverse challenges in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. This review provides a comprehensive overview, fostering an in-depth understanding of GelMA hydrogel's potential impact on progressing biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Nainwal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Vishwadeepak Kimothi
- Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Rajawala, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India
| | - A Deepak
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600128, India
| | - Armen S Sargsyan
- Scientific and Production Center 'Armbiotechnology' NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia
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Wang H, Wan J, Zhang Z, Hou R. Recent advances on 3D-bioprinted gelatin methacrylate hydrogels for tissue engineering in wound healing: A review of current applications and future prospects. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14533. [PMID: 38069620 PMCID: PMC10961039 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in 3D bioprinting, particularly the use of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels, are ushering in a transformative era in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review highlights the pivotal role of GelMA hydrogels in wound healing and skin regeneration. Its biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties and support for cellular proliferation make it a promising candidate for bioactive dressings and scaffolds. Challenges remain in optimizing GelMA hydrogels for clinical use, including scalability of 3D bioprinting techniques, durability under physiological conditions and the development of advanced bioinks. The review covers GelMA's applications from enhancing wound dressings, promoting angiogenesis and facilitating tissue regeneration to addressing microbial infections and diabetic wound healing. Preclinical studies underscore GelMA's potential in tissue healing and the need for further research for real-world applications. The future of GelMA hydrogels lies in overcoming these challenges through multidisciplinary collaboration, advancing manufacturing techniques and embracing personalized medicine paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jiaming Wan
- Department of OrthopedicsYangzhou University Medical CollegeYangzhouChina
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Department of OrthopedicsSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of Trauma OrthopedicsSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhouChina
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6
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Zhang Z, Xu C, Xu L, Wan J, Cao G, Liu Z, Ji P, Jin Q, Fu Y, Le Y, Ju J, Hou R, Zhang G. Bioprinted dermis with human adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments promotes wound healing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1407-1421. [PMID: 37876343 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skin is an effective material for treating large skin defects in a clinical setting. However, its use is limited owing to vascular complications. Human adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments (HaMVFs) are vascularized units that form vascular networks by rapid reassembly. In this study, we designed a vascularized bionic skin tissue using a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinter of HaMVFs and human fibroblasts encapsulated in a hybrid hydrogel composed of GelMA, HAMA, and fibrinogen. Tissues incorporating HaMVFs showed good in vitro vascularization and mechanical properties after UV crosslinking and thrombin exposure. Thus, the tissue could be sutured appropriately to the wound. In vivo, the vascularized 3D bioprinted skin promoted epidermal regeneration, collagen maturation in the dermal tissue, and vascularization of the skin tissue to accelerate wound healing. Overall, vascularized 3D bioprinted skin with HaMVFs is an effective material for treating skin defects and may be clinically applicable to reduce the necrosis rate of skin grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaming Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaobiao Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengxiang Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianheng Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihui Ju
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Liu J, He J, Liao Z, Chen X, Ye Y, Pang Q, Fan R. Environmental dose of 16 priority-controlled PAHs induce endothelial dysfunction: An in vivo and in vitro study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170711. [PMID: 38340817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure is related to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Endothelial dysfunction is considered an initial event of CVDs. To confirm the relationship of PAHs exposure with endothelial dysfunction, 8-week-old male SD rats and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-treated with environmental doses of 16 priority-controlled PAHs for 90 d and 48 h, respectively. Results showed that 10× PAHs exposure remarkably raised tumor necrosis factor-α and malonaldehyde levels in rat serum (p < 0.05), but had no effects on interleukin-8 levels and superoxide dismutase activity. The expressions of SIRT1 in HUVECs and rat aorta were attenuated after PAHs treatment. Interestingly, PAHs exposure did not activate the expression of total endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), but 10× PAHs exposure significantly elevated the expression of phosphorylated eNOS (Ser1177) in HUVECs and repressed it in aortas, accompanied with raised nitrite level both in serum and HUVECs by 48.50-253.70 %. PAHs exposure also led to the augment of endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels by 19.76-38.54 %, angiotensin (Ang II) levels by 20.09-39.69 % in HUVECs, but had no effects on ET-1 and Ang II levels in serum. Additionally, PAHs exposure improved endocan levels both in HUVECs and serum by 305.05-620.48 % and stimulated the THP-1 cells adhered to HUVECs (p < 0.05). After PAHs treatment, the smooth muscle alignment was disordered and the vascular smooth muscle locally proliferated in rat aorta. Notably, the systolic blood pressure of rats exposed to 10× PAHs increased significantly compared with the control ones (131.28 ± 5.20 vs 116.75 ± 5.33 mmHg). In summary, environmental chronic PAHs exposure may result in endothelial dysfunction in SD rats and primary HUVECs. Our research can confirm the cardiovascular damage caused by chronic exposure to PAHs and provide ideas for the prevention or intervention of CVDs affected by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiaying He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zengquan Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yufeng Ye
- Medical Imaging Institute of Panyu, Guangzhou 511486, China
| | - Qihua Pang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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8
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Pereira M, Pinto J, Arteaga B, Guerra A, Jorge RN, Monteiro FJ, Salgado CL. A Comprehensive Look at In Vitro Angiogenesis Image Analysis Software. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17625. [PMID: 38139453 PMCID: PMC10743557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the complex challenges faced presently by tissue engineering (TE) is the development of vascularized constructs that accurately mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native tissue in which they are inserted to promote vessel growth and, consequently, wound healing and tissue regeneration. TE technique is characterized by several stages, starting from the choice of cell culture and the more appropriate scaffold material that can adequately support and supply them with the necessary biological cues for microvessel development. The next step is to analyze the attained microvasculature, which is reliant on the available labeling and microscopy techniques to visualize the network, as well as metrics employed to characterize it. These are usually attained with the use of software, which has been cited in several works, although no clear standard procedure has been observed to promote the reproduction of the cell response analysis. The present review analyzes not only the various steps previously described in terms of the current standards for evaluation, but also surveys some of the available metrics and software used to quantify networks, along with the detection of analysis limitations and future improvements that could lead to considerable progress for angiogenesis evaluation and application in TE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pereira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Pinto
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Belén Arteaga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Guerra
- INEGI—Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (R.N.J.)
| | - Renato Natal Jorge
- INEGI—Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (R.N.J.)
- LAETA—Laboratório Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeronáutica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Jorge Monteiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal
- PCCC—Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Christiane Laranjo Salgado
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (J.P.); (B.A.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Tehrany PM, Rahmanian P, Rezaee A, Ranjbarpazuki G, Sohrabi Fard F, Asadollah Salmanpour Y, Zandieh MA, Ranjbarpazuki A, Asghari S, Javani N, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Hashemi M, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Motahari A, Hushmandi K. Multifunctional and theranostic hydrogels for wound healing acceleration: An emphasis on diabetic-related chronic wounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117087. [PMID: 37716390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels represent intricate three-dimensional polymeric structures, renowned for their compatibility with living systems and their ability to naturally degrade. These networks stand as promising and viable foundations for a range of biomedical uses. The practical feasibility of employing hydrogels in clinical trials has been well-demonstrated. Among the prevalent biomedical uses of hydrogels, a significant application arises in the context of wound healing. This intricate progression involves distinct phases of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, often triggered by trauma, skin injuries, and various diseases. Metabolic conditions like diabetes have the potential to give rise to persistent wounds, leading to delayed healing processes. This current review consolidates a collection of experiments focused on the utilization of hydrogels to expedite the recovery of wounds. Hydrogels have the capacity to improve the inflammatory conditions at the wound site, and they achieve this by diminishing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby exhibiting antioxidant effects. Hydrogels have the potential to enhance the growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes at the wound site. They also possess the capability to inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, effectively managing wounds infected by drug-resistant bacteria. Hydrogels can trigger angiogenesis and neovascularization processes, while also promoting the M2 polarization of macrophages, which in turn mitigates inflammation at the wound site. Intelligent and versatile hydrogels, encompassing features such as pH sensitivity, reactivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and responsiveness to light and temperature, have proven advantageous in expediting wound healing. Furthermore, hydrogels synthesized using environmentally friendly methods, characterized by high levels of biocompatibility and biodegradability, hold the potential for enhancing the wound healing process. Hydrogels can facilitate the controlled discharge of bioactive substances. More recently, there has been progress in the creation of conductive hydrogels, which, when subjected to electrical stimulation, contribute to the enhancement of wound healing. Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, leads to a slowdown in the wound healing process, often resulting in the formation of persistent wounds. Hydrogels have the capability to expedite the healing of diabetic wounds, facilitating the transition from the inflammatory phase to the proliferative stage. The current review sheds light on the biological functionalities of hydrogels, encompassing their role in modulating diverse mechanisms and cell types, including inflammation, oxidative stress, macrophages, and bacteriology. Additionally, this review emphasizes the significance of smart hydrogels with responsiveness to external stimuli, as well as conductive hydrogels for promoting wound healing. Lastly, the discussion delves into the advancement of environmentally friendly hydrogels with high biocompatibility, aimed at accelerating the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parham Rahmanian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aryan Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbarpazuki
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farima Sohrabi Fard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ranjbarpazuki
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajedeh Asghari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran
| | - Nazanin Javani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Motahari
- Board-Certified in Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Xu H, Gao Z, Wang Z, Wu W, Li H, Liu Y, Jia S, Hao D, Zhu L. Electrospun PCL Nerve Conduit Filled with GelMA Gel for CNTF and IGF-1 Delivery in Promoting Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in Rat. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6309-6321. [PMID: 37919884 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering is an essential strategy to repair long-segment peripheral nerve defects. Modification of the nerve conduit is an effective way to improve the local microenvironment of the injury site and facilitate nerve regeneration. However, the concurrent release of multiple growth cues that regulate the activity of Schwann cells and neurons remains a challenge. The present study involved the fabrication of a composite hydrogel, specifically methacrylate-anhydride gelatin-ciliary neurotrophic factor/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1), with the aim of providing a sustained release of CNTF and IGF-1. The GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 hydrogels exhibited a swelling rate of 10.2% following a 24 h incubation in vitro. In vitro, GelMA hydrogels demonstrated a high degree of efficiency in the sustained release of CNTF and IGF-1 proteins, with a release rate of 85.9% for CNTF and 90.9% for IGF-1 shown at day 28. In addition, the GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 composite hydrogel promoted the proliferation of Schwann cells and the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin, and laminin and also considerably promoted the axonal growth of neurons. Furthermore, GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 hydrogels were loaded into PCL electrospun nerve conduits to repair 15 mm sciatic nerve defects in rats. In vivo studies indicated that PCL-GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 could efficiently accelerate the regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve, promote the formation of the myelin sheath of new axons, promote the electrophysiological function of regenerated nerves, and eventually improve the recovery of motor function in rats. Overall, the PCL-GelMA-CNTF/IGF-1 scaffold presents an attractive new approach for generating an optimal therapeutic alternative for peripheral nerve restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Ziheng Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Youjun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Shuaijun Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Youyi East Road No.555, Beilin District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
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11
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Wang J, Chen R, Ren B, Feng Q, Li B, Hao Z, Chen T, Hu Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Huang J, Li J. A Novel PTH-Related Peptide Combined With 3D Printed Macroporous Titanium Alloy Scaffold Enhances Osteoporotic Osseointegration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301604. [PMID: 37584445 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptides (PTHrPs) cannot be used to prevent implant loosening in osteoporosis patients due to the catabolic effect of local sustained release. A novel PTHrP (PTHrP-2) that can be used locally to promote osseointegration of macroporous titanium alloy scaffold (mTAS) and counteract implant slippage in osteoporosis patients is designed. In vitro, PTHrP-2 enhances the proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) within the mTAS. Further, it promotes proliferation, migration, angiogenesis-related protein expression, and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Compared to PTH(1-34), PTHrP-2 can partially weaken the osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells. Even in an oxidative stress microenvironment, PTHrP-2 safeguards the proliferation and migration of BMSCs and HUVECs, reduces reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial damage, and partially preserves the angiogenesis of HUVECs. In the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat osteoporosis model, the therapeutic benefits of PTHrP-2-releasing mTAS (mTASP2 ) and ordinary mTAS implanted for 12 weeks via micro-CT, sequential fluorescent labeling, and histology are compared. The results demonstrate that mTASP2 exhibits high bone growth rate, without osteophyte formation. Consequently, PTHrP-2 exhibits unique local synthesis properties and holds the potential for assisting the osseointegration of alloy implants in osteoporosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Renxin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qinyu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Beihai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhuowen Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tianhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yingkun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yilong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinghuan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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12
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Padilla C, Quero F, Pępczyńska M, Díaz-Calderon P, Acevedo JP, Byres N, Blaker JJ, MacNaughtan W, Williams HEL, Enrione J. Understanding the Molecular Conformation and Viscoelasticity of Low Sol-Gel Transition Temperature Gelatin Methacryloyl Suspensions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087489. [PMID: 37108653 PMCID: PMC10139010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For biomedical applications, gelatin is usually modified with methacryloyl groups to obtain gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), which can be crosslinked by a radical reaction induced by low wavelength light to form mechanically stable hydrogels. The potential of GelMA hydrogels for tissue engineering has been well established, however, one of the main disadvantages of mammalian-origin gelatins is that their sol-gel transitions are close to room temperature, resulting in significant variations in viscosity that can be a problem for biofabrication applications. For these applications, cold-water fish-derived gelatins, such as salmon gelatin, are a good alternative due to their lower viscosity, viscoelastic and mechanical properties, as well as lower sol-gel transition temperatures, when compared with mammalian gelatins. However, information regarding GelMA (with special focus on salmon GelMA as a model for cold-water species) molecular conformation and the effect of pH prior to crosslinking, which is key for fabrication purposes since it will determine final hydrogel's structure, remains scarce. The aim of this work is to characterize salmon gelatin (SGel) and salmon methacryloyl gelatin (SGelMA) molecular configuration at two different acidic pHs (3.6 and 4.8) and to compare them to commercial porcine gelatin (PGel) and methacryloyl porcine gelatin (PGelMA), usually used for biomedical applications. Specifically, we evaluated gelatin and GelMA samples' molecular weight, isoelectric point (IEP), their molecular configuration by circular dichroism (CD), and determined their rheological and thermophysical properties. Results showed that functionalization affected gelatin molecular weight and IEP. Additionally, functionalization and pH affected gelatin molecular structure and rheological and thermal properties. Interestingly, the SGel and SGelMA molecular structure was more sensitive to pH changes, showing differences in gelation temperatures and triple helix formation than PGelMA. This work suggests that SGelMA presents high tunability as a biomaterial for biofabrication, highlighting the importance of a proper GelMA molecular configuration characterization prior to hydrogel fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Padilla
- Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Biopolymer Research and Engineering Laboratory (BIOPREL), Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Franck Quero
- Laboratorio de Nanocelulosa y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370456, Chile
| | - Marzena Pępczyńska
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Biopolymer Research and Engineering Laboratory (BIOPREL), Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Paulo Díaz-Calderon
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Biopolymer Research and Engineering Laboratory (BIOPREL), Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Acevedo
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Nicholas Byres
- Department of Materials and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jonny J Blaker
- Department of Materials and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - William MacNaughtan
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Huw E L Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NR7 2RD, UK
| | - Javier Enrione
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- Biopolymer Research and Engineering Laboratory (BIOPREL), Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
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13
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Li H, Li J, Xu J, Li L, Wang Y, Liu C, Zhou J. Advances in dermatological application of GelMA hydrogel microneedles. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13327. [PMID: 37113084 PMCID: PMC10234172 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with systemic administration methods like injection and oral administration, traditional transdermal drug delivery has the advantages of rapid onset of activity and low side effects. However, hydrophilic drugs and bioactive substances are often unsuitable for traditional transdermal drug delivery. METHODS The application of microneedles made from gelatin methylacryloyl (GelMA) has greatly expanded thepossibilities for skin transdermal drug delivery. We have reviewed the latest literatures about the dermatological application of GelMA hydrogel microneedles in recent years using Google Scholar, PubMed and Springer. RESULTS GelMA hydrogel microneedles exhibit huge potency in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases, and this technology also brings broad application prospects for subcutaneous micro-invasive transdermal targeted drug delivery, which mainly used in skin tissue fluid collection, local substance delivery and wound healing. CONCLUSION With in-depth research on GelMA hydrogel, this technology will bring more breakthroughs and developments in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Li
- Pharmacal Research LaboratoryInstitute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIsInstitute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
| | - Jiayi Li
- Pharmacal Research LaboratoryInstitute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Pharmacal Research LaboratoryInstitute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lingjun Li
- Pharmacal Research LaboratoryInstitute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
| | - Yurong Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Physics and Chemistry Test Center of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
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14
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Liu WS, Liu Y, Gao J, Zheng H, Lu ZM, Li M. Biomembrane-Based Nanostructure- and Microstructure-Loaded Hydrogels for Promoting Chronic Wound Healing. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:385-411. [PMID: 36703725 PMCID: PMC9871051 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s387382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process, and metabolic disturbances in the microenvironment of chronic wounds and the severe symptoms they cause remain major challenges to be addressed. The inherent properties of hydrogels make them promising wound dressings. In addition, biomembrane-based nanostructures and microstructures (such as liposomes, exosomes, membrane-coated nanostructures, bacteria and algae) have significant advantages in the promotion of wound healing, including special biological activities, flexible drug loading and targeting. Therefore, biomembrane-based nanostructure- and microstructure-loaded hydrogels can compensate for their respective disadvantages and combine the advantages of both to significantly promote chronic wound healing. In this review, we outline the loading strategies, mechanisms of action and applications of different types of biomembrane-based nanostructure- and microstructure-loaded hydrogels in chronic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Mao Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Zheng-Mao Lu, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +086-13651688596, Fax +086-021-31161589, Email
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Meng Li, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +086-15000879978, Fax +086-021-23271699, Email
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15
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Mazurek Ł, Szudzik M, Rybka M, Konop M. Silk Fibroin Biomaterials and Their Beneficial Role in Skin Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121852. [PMID: 36551280 PMCID: PMC9775069 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin, acting as the outer protection of the human body, is most vulnerable to injury. Wound healing can often be impaired, leading to chronic, hard-to-heal wounds. For this reason, searching for the most effective dressings that can significantly enhance the wound healing process is necessary. In this regard, silk fibroin, a protein derived from silk fibres that has excellent properties, is noteworthy. Silk fibroin is highly biocompatible and biodegradable. It can easily make various dressings, which can be loaded with additional substances to improve healing. Dressings based on silk fibroin have anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic properties and significantly accelerate skin wound healing, even compared to commercially available wound dressings. Animal studies confirm the beneficial influence of silk fibroin in wound healing. Clinical research focusing on fibroin dressings is also promising. These properties make silk fibroin a remarkable natural material for creating innovative, simple, and effective dressings for skin wound healing. In this review, we summarise the application of silk fibroin biomaterials as wound dressings in full-thickness, burn, and diabetic wounds in preclinical and clinical settings.
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16
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Ma H, Peng Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Min P. Effects and Progress of Photo-Crosslinking Hydrogels in Wound Healing Improvement. Gels 2022; 8:609. [PMID: 36286110 PMCID: PMC9601727 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic physiological process, including three stages: inflammation, tissue formation, and remodeling. The quality of wound healing is affected by many topical and systemic factors, while any small factor may affect the process. Therefore, improving the quality of wound healing is a complex and arduous challenge. Photo-crosslinking reaction using visible light irradiation is a novel method for hydrogel preparation. Photo-crosslinking hydrogels can be controlled in time and space, and are not interfered by temperature conditions, which have been widely used in the fields of medicine and engineering. This review aims to summarize the application of photo-crosslinking hydrogels in improving the quality of wound healing, mainly including the material design, application mechanism, and effect of photo-crosslinking hydrogels applied in wound healing, followed by the applicable animal models for experimental research. Finally, this review analyzes the clinical application prospects of photo-crosslinking hydrogels in the field of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Peiru Min
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
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17
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Liu X, Wang J, Xu X, Zhu H, Man K, Zhang J. SDF-1 Functionalized Hydrogel Microcarriers for Skin Flap Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3576-3588. [PMID: 35899941 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Critically sized skin flaps used to treat skin defects often suffer from necrosis due to insufficient blood supply. Hence there is an urgent need to improve the survival rate of skin flaps by promoting local angiogenesis. The delivery of growth factor loaded microcarriers have shown promise in enhancing defect repair, however, their rapid clearance from the defect site limits their regenerative potential. Thus, it is critical to develop microcarriers which can promote the sustained release of bioactive factors to effectively stimulate tissue repair. This study aimed to develop a stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) loaded microcarrier coated with Matrigel (MC@SDF-1@Mat) to promote skin flap repair. SEM imaging showed that the surface of the microcarrier was coated by a porous Matrigel film. The drug release experiment showed that the Matrigel-coated microcarriers enhanced the sustained release of the model drug methylene blue when compared to uncoated group. MC@SDF-1@Mat significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs via CCK-8, wound healing assay, and tube formation assay, respectively. Moreover, the murine random skin flap model was further established and treated. It was found that the flap necrosis area in the MC@SDF-1@Mat treated group was significantly reduced. H&E and Masson staining showed the histological structure and collagen organization exhibited a normal phenotype in the MC@SDF-1@Mat treated group. Additionally, CD31 immunohistochemical analysis showed that the MC@SDF-1@Mat treated group exhibited the greatest degree of neovascularization. In conclusion, our SDF-1 functionalized gelatin-based hydrogel microcarrier has potential clinical applications in promoting skin flap repair and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Jinsi Wang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
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18
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Naserian F, Mesgar AS. Development of antibacterial and superabsorbent wound composite sponges containing carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin/Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112729. [PMID: 35907356 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel antibacterial and superabsorbent dressing by introducing the Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles into the carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin glutaraldehyde-crosslinked composite sponge that is fabricated by lyophilization method. Undoped and Cu-doped ZnO (Zn1-xCuxO, x = 0.03 and 0.05) nanoparticles were synthesized through the stabilizing agent-used precipitation process and characterized by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, and ICP-OES techniques. The XRD evaluation determined that the concentration of copper in ZnO is limited to below 5%. Additionally, The ICP-OES analysis confirmed the effect of the doping process on the ZnO crystalline structure by releasing more zinc and copper ions from Cu-doped ZnO, which resulted to improve antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the physical and mechanical performance of the optimized composite sponge indicated that the incorporation of 3 wt% ZnO nanoparticles produces a well-interconnected porous structure (~156 µm) with high water absorption (~3089%) and proper elongation (~49%) in a wet medium. The incorporation of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles enhanced antibacterial potential of the composite sponge. Meanwhile, all sponge groups are safe for viability, proliferation and adhesion of human dermal fibroblast cells. Overall, the obtained data has proved the potential of carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin/Cu-doped ZnO dressing as a promising candidate for managing infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Naserian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Abdorreza S Mesgar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran.
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Chen Y, Ye M, Wang X, Li W, Chen W. Functionalized gelatin/strontium hydrogel bearing endothelial progenitor cells for accelerating angiogenesis in wound tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212803. [PMID: 35929301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While polymer hydrogels are frequently utilized as wound dressings, they lack the sufficient bioactivity necessary to promote re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. In this work, a therapeutic angiogenesis complex is developed using a mixture of dopamine-modified polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Dopa-POSS), strontium ions (Sr2+ ions) photocrosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for full-thickness burn wound healing. Dopa-POSS is used to reinforce the hydrogel, and Sr2+ ions stabilizer is densely incorporated inside the network of GelMA hydrogels by ultraviolet cross-linking, thus effectively enhancing the hydrogel mechanical strength. The multifunctional GelMA hydrogels comprised gelatin's arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) patterns and active Sr2+ ions that promote EPC biological activity and proliferation. Notably, the Sr2+ ions in the functional hydrogels substantially enhanced EPC proliferation in a three-dimensional environment, migration, and angiogenesis-related protein expression. After 14 days, the Gel/Sr2+@POSS/EPCs composite hydrogel substantially accelerates and enhances the new blood vessel development process, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization with the almost closed wounds and newly created tissue. Thus, UV-crosslinked Gel/Sr2+@POSS hydrogels functionalized with EPCs can be a potentially beneficial therapeutic system for full-thickness burn wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Chen
- Hung Shan Street Community Health Service Centre, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Mao Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, 302 Hospital of China Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Anshun, Guizhou 561000, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Sports Assistive Devices of Guangdong, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Weijian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China.
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20
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Bupphathong S, Quiroz C, Huang W, Chung PF, Tao HY, Lin CH. Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering Applications—A Review on Material Modifications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020171. [PMID: 35215284 PMCID: PMC8878046 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To recreate or substitute tissue in vivo is a complicated endeavor that requires biomaterials that can mimic the natural tissue environment. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) is created through covalent bonding of naturally derived polymer gelatin and methacrylic groups. Due to its biocompatibility, GelMA receives a lot of attention in the tissue engineering research field. Additionally, GelMA has versatile physical properties that allow a broad range of modifications to enhance the interaction between the material and the cells. In this review, we look at recent modifications of GelMA with naturally derived polymers, nanomaterials, and growth factors, focusing on recent developments for vascular tissue engineering and wound healing applications. Compared to polymers and nanoparticles, the modifications that embed growth factors show better mechanical properties and better cell migration, stimulating vascular development and a structure comparable to the natural-extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasinan Bupphathong
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.B.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Carlos Quiroz
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Pei-Feng Chung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Hsuan-Ya Tao
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.B.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.B.); (H.-Y.T.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Facile preparation of polysaccharides-based adhesive hydrogel with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for promoting wound healing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 209:112208. [PMID: 34814092 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation are the major obstacles to cutaneous wound healing. Designing adhesive wound dressings with inherent antibacterial and antioxidant properties are highly desirable. Herein, a series of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-doped multifunctional hydrogels were facilely prepared by combining quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan (QCMCS) and oxidized hyaluronate (HA-CHO). Schiff base crosslinking between amino groups in QCMCS and aldehyde groups in HA-CHO not only constructed hydrogel networks but also endowed hydrogels with good self-healing property. The hydrogel exhibited adjustable tissue adhesiveness, degradability, and rheological properties by changing the content of TEMPO groups. Moreover, the hydrogels presented excellent inherent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, along with the porous structures, swelling ability, good cytocompatibility and low hemolysis ratio, which are beneficial to promoting wound healing process. Overall, the TEMPO hydrogel showed excellent therapeutic effect in mice skin defect model, giving the hydrogel with fitness as wound dressings for treating skin wounds.
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