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Gao L, Kou D, Lin R, Ma W, Zhang S. Visual Recognition of Volatile Organic Compounds by Photonic Nose Integrated with Multiple Metal-Organic Frameworks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308641. [PMID: 38282134 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The photonic nose inspired by the olfactory system is an integrated detection platform constructed by multiple sensing units as channels. However, in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the sensing results that cannot be directly readable and the poor ability to distinguish analytes with similar chemical properties are the main challenges faced by this sensor. Here, 8 metal-organic frameworks (MOF)-based photonic crystals are used as the basic sensing units to construct a photonic nose detection platform. The microscopic adsorption of VOCs by MOFs enables the photonic crystals (PCs) to produce macroscopic structural color output, and further makes the photonic nose have specific color fingerprints for different VOCs, the response time of all PCs to VOCs can be within 1 s. Through the color fingerprint, the visual identification of VOCs produced by 5 common solvent vapors is realized, and 9 VOCs with similar chemical properties are further distinguished. In addition, the application potential of the photonic nose in the actual environment is verified by identifying different contents of benzene in the paint. It is envisaged that the MOF-based photonic nose has great reference value for the development of intelligent and multi-component synergistic functional gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Rd, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Donghui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Rd, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ruicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Rd, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Rd, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Rd, Dalian, 116024, China
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2
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Khan S, Falahati M, Cho WC, Vahdani Y, Siddique R, Sharifi M, Jaragh-Alhadad LA, Haghighat S, Zhang X, Ten Hagen TLM, Bai Q. Core-shell inorganic NP@MOF nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and multimodal imaging-guided combination tumor treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:103007. [PMID: 37812992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have unique characteristics such as high porosity, large surface areas and adjustable functionalities, so they are ideal candidates for developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) as well as theranostic platforms in cancer treatment. Despite the large number of MOF nanostructures that have been discovered, conventional MOF-derived nanosystems only have a single biofunctional MOF source with poor colloidal stability. Accordingly, developing core-shell MOF nanostructures with good colloidal stability is a useful method for generating efficient drug delivery, multimodal imaging and synergistic therapeutic systems. The preparation of core-shell MOF nanostructures has been done with a variety of materials, but inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are highly effective for drug delivery and imaging-guided tumor treatment. Herein, we aimed to overview the synthesis of core-shell inorganic NP@MOF nanostructures followed by the application of core-shell MOFs derived from magnetic, quantum dots (QDs), gold (Au), and gadolinium (Gd) NPs in drug delivery and imaging-guided tumor treatment. Afterward, we surveyed different factors affecting prolonged drug delivery and cancer therapy, cellular uptake, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect of core-shell MOFs. Last but not least, we discussed the challenges and the prospects of the field. We envision this article may hold great promise in providing valuable insights regarding the application of hybrid nanostructures as promising and potential candidates for multimodal imaging-guided combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yasaman Vahdani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Qian Bai
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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3
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Qiu T, Wu T, Lu M, Xie Y, Zhang M, Luo D, Chen Z, Yin B, Zhou Y, Ling Y. Reticular Chemistry of the Fcu-Type Gd(III)-Doped Metal-Organic Framework for T 1 -Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303063. [PMID: 37415511 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) are emerging as an important class of nanomaterials for the systematical investigation of biomedically relevant structure-property relationship (SPR) due to their highly tailorable features. In this work, the reticular chemistry approach is shown to explore the SPR of a fcu-type Zr(IV)-nanoMOF for T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Isoreticular replacement of the eight-coordinated square-antiprismatic Zr(IV) by nine-coordinated Gd(III) brings a stoichiometric water capped on the square-antiprismatic site, enabling the relaxation transfer in the inner-sphere, giving the r1 value of 4.55 mM-1 ·s-1 at the doping ratio of Gd : Zr = 1 : 1. Then, these isoreticular engineering studies provide feasible ways to facilitate the relaxation transfer in the second- and outer-sphere of the Gd(III)-doped Zr-oxo cluster for the relaxation respectively. Finally, these in vitro and in vivo MRI studies revealed that the Gd(III)-doped Zr-oxo cluster aggregated underlying the fcu-type framework surpasses its discrete molecular cluster for MRI. These results demonstrated that there is plenty of room inside MOFs for T1 -weighted MRI by reticular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Tianze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mingzhu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuxi Xie
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201907, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhenxia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201907, China
| | - Yaming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Wang H, Feng R, Wang Y, Ma Q, Wei J, Xu S, Wang L. Single Doping for Triple Functions: Integrated Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Multimodal Image-Guided Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301435. [PMID: 37611193 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Accurate location and efficient treatment of diseases by multifunctional nanoplatforms are appealing but face great challenges. Theranostic agents through the physical combination of different functional nanoparticles are demonstrated to be effective. Yet, the complicated biological environment often leads to ambiguous fates of each agent, which fails to keep the behaviors of imaging and therapeutic components in a simultaneous manner. Herein, "integrated" theranostic NPs, Gd-doped CuWO4 (CWG) with strong near-infrared (808 nm) absorption, the longest absorption peak of reported CuWO4 , located in the biological transparent window, are constructed. The single doping of trace amount of Gd not only endows them with a distinguished magnetic resonance imaging capability (r1 = 12.01 mM-1 s-1 ), but also concurrently imposes great effect on the valence states of matrix ion (Cu), as evidenced by theoretical calculation results. The charge distribution shift of Cu would facilitate ·OH generation, beneficial for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Moreover, CWG NPs display remarkable photoacoustic (PA) and computed tomography (CT) imaging capabilities (S = 10.33 HU mM-1 ). Such integrated theranostics afford a paradigm for multimodal imaging-guided synergistic therapy with all-in-one single nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Suying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Moharramnejad M, Malekshah RE, Ehsani A, Gharanli S, Shahi M, Alvan SA, Salariyeh Z, Azadani MN, Haribabu J, Basmenj ZS, Khaleghian A, Saremi H, Hassani Z, Momeni E. A review of recent developments of metal-organic frameworks as combined biomedical platforms over the past decade. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 316:102908. [PMID: 37148581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also called porous coordination polymers, represent a class of crystalline porous materials made up of organic ligands and metal ions/metal clusters. Herein, an overview of the preparation of different metal-organic frameworks and the recent advances in MOF-based stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) with the drug release mechanisms including pH-, temperature-, ion-, magnetic-, pressure-, adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)-, H2S-, redox-, responsive, and photoresponsive MOF were rarely introduced. The combination therapy containing of two or more treatments can be enhanced treatment effectiveness through overcoming limitations of monotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with chemotherapy (CT), chemotherapy in combination with PTT or other combinations were explained to overcome drug resistance and side effects in normal cells as well as enhancing the therapeutic response. Integrated platforms containing of photothermal/drug-delivering functions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties exhibited great advantages in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moharramnejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran; Young Researcher and Elite Group, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - Rahime Eshaghi Malekshah
- Medical Biomaterial Research Centre (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Gharanli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Shahi
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Saeed Alvani Alvan
- Bachelor of Chemical Engineering, Azad Varamin University, Peshwa branch, Iran
| | | | | | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, 1532502 Copiapo, Chile
| | | | - Ali Khaleghian
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Saremi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassani
- Department of New Materials, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| | - Elham Momeni
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Tajahmadi S, Molavi H, Ahmadijokani F, Shamloo A, Shojaei A, Sharifzadeh M, Rezakazemi M, Fatehizadeh A, Aminabhavi TM, Arjmand M. Metal-organic frameworks: A promising option for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2023; 353:1-29. [PMID: 36343762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide is one of the main characteristic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous clinical investigations have proposed that unusual concentrations of this biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and brain tissue are closely associated with the AD progression. Therefore, the critical point of early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of AD is to monitor the levels of Aβ. In view of the potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for diagnosing and treating the AD, much attention has been focused in recent years. This review discusses the latest advances in the applications of MOFs for the early diagnosis of AD via fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of AD biomarkers, fluorescence detection of the main metal ions in the brain (Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, and Al3+) in addition to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the Aβ plaques. The current challenges and future strategies for translating the in vitro applications of MOFs into in vivo diagnosis of the AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tajahmadi
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Molavi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Farhad Ahmadijokani
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran.
| | - Akbar Shojaei
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mashallah Rezakazemi
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Ali Fatehizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580 031, India; School of Engineering, UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248 007, India.
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Bunzen H, Jirák D. Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Applications in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50445-50462. [PMID: 36239348 PMCID: PMC10749454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostics is an important part of medical practice. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected by performing diagnostic tests, some of which include imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most widely used and effective imaging techniques. To improve the sensitivity and specificity of MRI, contrast agents are used. In this review, the usage of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and composite materials based on them as contrast agents for MRI is discussed. MOFs are crystalline porous coordination polymers. Due to their huge design variety and high density of metal ions, they have been studied as a highly promising class of materials for developing MRI contrast agents. This review highlights the most important studies and focuses on the progress of the field over the last five years. The materials are classified based on their design and structural properties into three groups: MRI-active MOFs, composite materials based on MOFs, and MRI-active compounds loaded in MOFs. Moreover, an overview of MOF-based materials for heteronuclear MRI including 129Xe and 19F MRI is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bunzen
- Chair
of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jirák
- Department
of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Yin X, Ai F, Han L. Recent Development of MOF-Based Photothermal Agent for Tumor Ablation. Front Chem 2022; 10:841316. [PMID: 35372266 PMCID: PMC8966584 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.841316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are 3D-architecture compounds of metal ions and organic molecules with sufficient and permanent porosity, showing great potential as a versatile platform to load various functional moieties to endow the hybrid materials with specific applications. Currently, a variety of photothermal nanometals have been embedded into organic ligands for integrating the unique photothermal effects with the merits of MOFs to improve their performances for cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized a series of novel MOF-based photothermal materials for this unique therapeutic modality against tumors from three main aspects according to their chemical compositions and structures, i) metal-doped MOF, ii) organic-doped MOF, and iii) polymer-coated MOF. In addition, we have summarized the latest developments and characteristics of MOF-based photothermal agents, such as good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and responsive photothermal conversion without destroying the structure of hybrid photothermal agent. At last, we addressed the future perspectives of MOF-based photothermal agent in the field of phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhao Yin
- College of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fujin Ai
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Fujin Ai, ; Linbo Han,
| | - Linbo Han
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Fujin Ai, ; Linbo Han,
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Yu S, Yu H, Si P, Wang Z, Wang B, Lin W. Preparation of nanoscale cationic metal–organic framework Nano Mn( iii)-TP for theranostics based on valence changes. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:8988-8995. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schematic illustrations of the synthesis and working principle of a platform MTXNa@Nano Mn(iii)-TP for tumor theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Hongliu Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Si
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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