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Yu Y, Liang L, Sun T, Lu H, Yang P, Li J, Pang Q, Zeng J, Shi P, Li J, Lu Y. Micro/Nanomotor-Driven Intelligent Targeted Delivery Systems: Dynamics Sources and Frontier Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400163. [PMID: 39075811 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors represent a promising class of drug delivery carriers capable of converting surrounding chemical or external energy into mechanical power, enabling autonomous movement. Their distinct autonomous propulsive force distinguishes them from other carriers, offering significant potential for enhancing drug penetration across cellular and tissue barriers. A comprehensive understanding of micro/nanomotor dynamics with various power sources is crucial to facilitate their transition from proof-of-concept to clinical application. In this review, micro/nanomotors are categorized into three classes based on their energy sources: endogenously stimulated, exogenously stimulated, and live cell-driven. The review summarizes the mechanisms governing micro/nanomotor movements under these energy sources and explores factors influencing autonomous motion. Furthermore, it discusses methods for controlling micro/nanomotor movement, encompassing aspects related to their structure, composition, and environmental factors. The remarkable propulsive force exhibited by micro/nanomotors makes them valuable for significant biomedical applications, including tumor therapy, bio-detection, bacterial infection therapy, inflammation therapy, gastrointestinal disease therapy, and environmental remediation. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and prospects for the application of micro/nanomotors. Overall, this review emphasizes the transformative potential of micro/nanomotors in overcoming biological barriers and enhancing therapeutic efficacy, highlighting their promising clinical applications across various biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Ling Liang
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Lu
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Pushan Yang
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Li
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Qinjiao Pang
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Ping Shi
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Lu
- Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, 628000, P. R. China
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Wang N, Floriano Marcelino T, Ade C, Pendlmayr S, Ramos Docampo MA, Städler B. Collagenase motors in gelatine-based hydrogels. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9935-9943. [PMID: 38690802 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nano/micromotors outperform Brownian motion due to their self-propulsive capabilities and hold promise as carriers for drug delivery across biological barriers such as the extracellular matrix. This study employs poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) polymer brushes to enhance the collagenase-loading capacity of silica particle-based motors with the aim to systematically investigate the impact of gelatine viscosity, motors' size, and morphology on their propulsion velocity. Notably, 500 nm and 1 μm motors achieve similar speeds as high as ∼15 μm s-1 in stiff gelatine-based hydrogels when triggered with calcium. Taken together, our findings highlight the potential of collagenase-based motors for navigating the extracellular matrix, positioning them as promising candidates for efficient drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanying Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Thaís Floriano Marcelino
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Carina Ade
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Stefan Pendlmayr
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miguel A Ramos Docampo
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Mena-Giraldo P, Kaur M, Maurizio SL, Mandl GA, Capobianco JA. Janus Micromotors for Photophoretic Motion and Photon Upconversion Applications Using a Single Near-Infrared Wavelength. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4249-4260. [PMID: 38197400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
External stimuli can trigger changes in temperature, concentration, and momentum between micromotors and the medium, causing their propulsion and enabling them to perform different tasks with improved kinetic efficiencies. Light-activated micromotors are attractive systems that achieve improved motion and have the potential for high spatiotemporal control. Photophoretic swarming motion represents an attractive means to induce micromotor movement through the generation of temperature gradients in the medium, enabling the micromotors to move from cold to hot regions. The micromotors studied herein are assembled with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+/NaGdF4:Yb3+ and LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were localized to one hemisphere to produce a Janus architecture that facilitates improved upconversion luminescence with the upconverting nanoparticles distributed throughout. Under 976 nm excitation, Fe3O4 nanoparticles generate the temperature gradient, while the upconverting nanoparticles produce visible light that is used for micromotor motion tracking and triggering of reactive oxygen species generation. As such, the motion and application of the micromotors are achieved using a single excitation wavelength. To demonstrate the practicality of this system, curcumin was adsorbed to the micromotor surface and degradation of Rhodamine B was achieved with kinetic rates that were over twice as fast as the static micromotors. The upconversion luminescence was also used to track the motion of the micromotors from a single image frame, providing a convenient means to understand the trajectory of these systems. Together, this system provides a versatile approach to achieving light-driven motion while taking advantage of the potential applications of upconversion luminescence such as tracking and detection, sensing, nanothermometry, particle velocimetry, photodynamic therapy, and pollutant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena-Giraldo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mannu Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Steven L Maurizio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Gabrielle A Mandl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - John A Capobianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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Guan J, Wang M, Xiong Y, Liu Q, Chen X. A luminescent MOF-based nonenzymatic probe for colorimetric/photothermal/fluorescence triple-mode assay of uric acid in body fluids. Talanta 2024; 267:125201. [PMID: 37722345 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the levels of uric acid (UA) in body fluids is of great significance in the clinical diagnosis and therapy of related diseases. Herein, a novel nanocomposite R6G@Fe-MOF based nonenzymatic probe is presented to provide a ratiometric fluorescent, colorimetric, and photothermal triple read-out signal for the visual, sensitive, and convenient assay of UA. The framework structure of the in situ encapsulated R6G@Fe-MOF is found to decompose upon the addition of UA, resulting in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. This reduction will lead to a rapid increase in fluorescence emission (FL) at 430 nm. Simultaneously, the FL at 573 nm will decrease remarkably due to the inner filter effect (IFE) between UA and R6G@Fe-MOF. Furthermore, the reaction of the generated Fe2+ with potassium ferricyanide (K3 [Fe(CN)6]) can in situ generate Prussian blue (PBNPs) with outstanding color and photothermal properties, which allow for easy colorimetric and photothermal signal readout. The detection limits (LOD) for the colorimetric, fluorometric and photothermal detection are low at 1.68 μM, 0.236 μM, and 1.32 μM respectively. Ultimately, it is successfully employed to determine UA in urine, serum, and saliva, yielding satisfactory results. The constructed R6G@Fe-MOF sensor provides a simple, sensitive, and accurate determination of UA that can be tailored to meet the needs of various applications, and also provides new perspectives for the design and development of versatile sensors for diverse uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
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Liang H, Li D, Zhang X, Zhen D, Li Y, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Xu D, Chen L. Target-triggered 'colorimetric-fluorescence' dual-signal sensing system based on the versatility of MnO 2 nanosheets for rapid detection of uric acid. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4059-4065. [PMID: 37526244 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple dual-signal assay that combined colorimetric and fluorometric strategy for uric acid (UA) rapid detection was designed based on the versatility of facile synthesized MnO2 nanosheet. The oxidization of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and the fluorescence quenching of quantum dots (QDs) occurred simultaneously in the presence of MnO2 nanosheet. UA could decompose MnO2 nanosheet into Mn2+, resulting in the fluorescence recovery of QDs, along with the fading of the blue color of ox TMB. Based on the principles above, the detection of UA could be realized by the change of the dual signals (colorimetric and fluorometric). The linear range of the colorimetric mode was 5-60 μmol L-1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 2.65 μmol L-1; the linear range of the fluorescence mode was wide at 5-120 μmol L-1, and the LOD could be as low as 1.33 μmol L-1. The method was successfully used for analyzing UA levels in human serum samples, indicating that this new dual-signal method could be applied in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Danliang Li
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
- Zhuzhou Hetang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Xuebing Zhang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Deshuai Zhen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuchen Luo
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuyun Zhang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Dongyun Xu
- Hengyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Wan W, Ren X, Tan J, Tan L, Fu C, Wu Q, Chen Z, Ren J, Huang Z, Meng X. Preparation of Janus fluorescent probe based on an asymmetrical silica and its application in glucose and alpha-fetoprotein detection. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37367715 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00964e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles have been considered suitable for biomedicine owing to their asymmetric structure and unique properties. Although Janus particles have been applied in biosensing for dual-mode sensing, there are almost no reports for the detection of multiple indicators. In fact, many patients require different diagnoses, such as the examination of hepatogenic diseases in diabetics. Here, a Janus particle based on SiO2 was synthesized using a Pickering emulsion method. A novel strategy for detecting glucose and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) based on different principles using this Janus particle was then constructed as a detection platform. Composed of adjustable dendritic silica loaded with gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) and glucose oxidase (GOx) and spherical SiO2 coupled with AFP antibody, this Janus fluorescent probe achieved the double detection of glucose and AFP. With the protection of dendritic silica, the enzyme temperature stability was enhanced. Moreover, the low limit of detection for glucose (0.5 μM in PBS and 2.5 μM in serum) and AFP (0.5 ng mL-1) illustrated the feasibility of the application of the Janus material in integrated detection. This work not only supported the use of a Janus fluorescent probe as a detection platform toward glucose and AFP but also showed the potential of Janus particles in integrated detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junrui Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zengzhen Chen
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Silica nanochannel array on co-electrodeposited graphene-carbon nanotubes 3D composite film for antifouling detection of uric acid in human serum and urine samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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8
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Liu T, Xie L, Price CAH, Liu J, He Q, Kong B. Controlled propulsion of micro/nanomotors: operational mechanisms, motion manipulation and potential biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10083-10119. [PMID: 36416191 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural mobile microorganisms, researchers have developed micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that can autonomously move by transducing different kinds of energies into kinetic energy. The rapid development of MNMs has created tremendous opportunities for biomedical fields including diagnostics, therapeutics, and theranostics. Although the great progress has been made in MNM research, at a fundamental level, the accepted propulsion mechanisms are still a controversial matter. In practical applications such as precision nanomedicine, the precise control of the motion, including the speed and directionality, of MNMs is also important, which makes advanced motion manipulation desirable. Very recently, diverse MNMs with different propulsion strategies, morphologies, sizes, porosities and chemical structures have been fabricated and applied for various uses. Herein, we thoroughly summarize the physical principles behind propulsion strategies, as well as the recent advances in motion manipulation methods and relevant biomedical applications of these MNMs. The current challenges in MNM research are also discussed. We hope this review can provide a bird's eye overview of the MNM research and inspire researchers to create novel and more powerful MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Cameron-Alexander Hurd Price
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jian Liu
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
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Biocompatible micromotors for biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7035-7049. [PMID: 36044082 PMCID: PMC9428376 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors are nanoscale devices that have been explored in various fields, such as drug delivery, environmental remediation, or biosensing and diagnosis. The use of micro/nanomotors has grown considerably over the past few years, partially because of the advantages that they offer in the development of new conceptual avenues in biosensing. This is due to their propulsion and intermixing in solution compared with their respective static forms, which enables motion-based detection methods and/or decreases bioassay time. This review focuses on the impacts of micro/nanomotors on biosensing research in the last 2 years. An overview of designs for bioreceptor attachment to micro/nanomotors is given. Recent developments have focused on chemically propelled micromotors using external fuels, commonly hydrogen peroxide. However, the associated fuel toxicity and inconvenience of use in relevant biological samples such as blood have prompted researchers to explore new micro/nanomotor biosensing approaches based on biocompatible propulsion sources such as magnetic or ultrasound fields. The main advances in biocompatible propulsion sources for micro/nanomotors as novel biosensing platforms are discussed and grouped by their propulsion-driven forces. The relevant analytical applications are discussed and representatively illustrated. Moreover, envisioning future biosensing applications, the principal advantages of micro/nanomotor synthesis using biocompatible and biodegradable materials are given. The review concludes with a realistic drawing on the present and future perspectives.
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Zhang J, Chen M, Peng Y, Li S, Han D, Ren S, Qin K, Li S, Han T, Wang Y, Gao Z. Wearable biosensors for human fatigue diagnosis: A review. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10318. [PMID: 36684114 PMCID: PMC9842037 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue causes deleterious effects to physical and mental health of human being and may cause loss of lives. Therefore, the adverse effects of fatigue on individuals and the society are massive. With the ever-increasing frequency of overtraining among modern military and sports personnel, timely, portable and accurate fatigue diagnosis is essential to avoid fatigue-induced accidents. However, traditional detection methods require complex sample preparation and blood sampling processes, which cannot meet the timeliness and portability of fatigue diagnosis. With the development of flexible materials and biosensing technology, wearable biosensors have attracted increased attention to the researchers. Wearable biosensors collect biomarkers from noninvasive biofluids, such as sweat, saliva, and tears, followed by biosensing with the help of biosensing modules continuously and quantitatively. The detection signal can then be transmitted through wireless communication modules that constitute a method for real-time understanding of abnormality. Recent developments of wearable biosensors are focused on miniaturized wearable electrochemistry and optical biosensors for metabolites detection, of which, few have exhibited satisfactory results in medical diagnosis. However, detection performance limits the wide-range applicability of wearable fatigue diagnosis. In this article, the application of wearable biosensors in fatigue diagnosis has been discussed. In fact, exploration of the composition of different biofluids and their potential toward fatigue diagnosis have been discussed here for the very first time. Moreover, discussions regarding the current bottlenecks in wearable fatigue biosensors and the latest advancements in biochemical reaction and data communication modules have been incorporated herein. Finally, the main challenges and opportunities were discussed for wearable fatigue diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Kang Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Tie Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food SafetyInstitute of Environmental and Operational MedicineTianjinP.R. China
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