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Sarà M, Giofrè SV, Abate S, Trapani M, Verduci R, D’Angelo G, Castriciano MA, Romeo A, Neri G, Monsù Scolaro L. Absorption and Fluorescence Emission Investigations on Supramolecular Assemblies of Tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin and Graphene Quantum Dots. Molecules 2024; 29:2015. [PMID: 38731505 PMCID: PMC11085775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of N-doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs), capped with a positively charged polyamine (trien), has been realized through a microwave-assisted pyrolysis on solid L-glutamic acid and trien in equimolar amounts. The resulting positively charged nanoparticles are strongly emissive in aqueous solutions and are stable for months. The interaction with the anionic tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4) has been investigated at neutral and mild acidic pH using a combination of UV/vis absorption spectroscopy together with static and time-resolved fluorescence emission. At pH = 7, the experimental evidence points to the formation of a supramolecular adduct mainly stabilized by electrostatic interactions. The fluorescence emission of the porphyrin is substantially quenched while GQDs remain still emissive. On decreasing the pH, protonation of TPPS4 leads to formation of porphyrin J-aggregates through the intermediacy of the charged quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Sarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.); (S.V.G.); (S.A.); (M.A.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Salvatore Vincenzo Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.); (S.V.G.); (S.A.); (M.A.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Salvatore Abate
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.); (S.V.G.); (S.A.); (M.A.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Mariachiara Trapani
- CNR—ISMN Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Verduci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanna D’Angelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Maria Angela Castriciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.); (S.V.G.); (S.A.); (M.A.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrea Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.); (S.V.G.); (S.A.); (M.A.C.); (A.R.)
- CNR—ISMN Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98158 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Monsù Scolaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.); (S.V.G.); (S.A.); (M.A.C.); (A.R.)
- CNR—ISMN Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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Soy R, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. The photodynamic activity properties of a series of structurally analogous tetraarylporphyrin, chlorin and N-confused porphyrin dyes and their Sn(IV) complexes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103815. [PMID: 37777078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of tetraarylporphyrin, -chlorin and N-confused porphyrin dyes with 4‑methoxy‑meso-aryl rings (1-Por, 1-Chl and 1-NCP) and their Sn(IV) complexes (1-SnPor, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP) have been synthesized and characterized. The heavy atom effect of the Sn(IV) ion results in relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield values of 0.67, 0.71 and 0.85 for 1-SnPor, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP, respectively. The photodynamic activities of 1-Por, 1-Chl, 1-NCP, 1-SnPor, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP were determined against MCF-7 breast cancer cells through illumination with Thorlabs 625 or 660 nm (240 or 280 mW.cm-2) light emitting diodes (LEDs) for 20 min. The IC50 values for 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP lie between 1.4 - 6.1 and 1.6 - 4.8 µM upon photoirradiation with the 660 and 625 nm LEDs, respectively, while higher values of >10 µM were obtained for 1-SnPor and the free base dyes. In a similar manner, 1-SnChl and 1-SnNCP were found to also have significantly higher photodynamic antimicrobial activity against planktonic Gram-(+) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-(-) Escherichia coli bacteria than the other dyes studied. Upon illumination with Thorlabs 625 and 660 nm LEDs for 75 min, Log10 reduction values of 7.62 and > 2.40-3.69 were obtained with 1 and 5 µM solutions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodah Soy
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, SRM University - AP, Amaravati 522502, India
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Qin X, Zhan Z, Zhang R, Chu K, Whitworth Z, Ding Z. Nitrogen- and sulfur-doped graphene quantum dots for chemiluminescence. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3864-3871. [PMID: 36723371 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), as one of the most promising luminescent nanomaterials, have been receiving increasing attention in various applications. However, it is still a challenge to improve their chemiluminescence (CL) quantum efficiency. Herein, the CL emissions of nitrogen- and sulfur-doped GQDs (NS-GQDs), nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) and undoped GQDs synthesized through one-pot high-temperature pyrolysis are investigated in their chemical reactions with bis(2-carbopentyloxy-3,5,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (CPPO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A bright blue emission, and yellowish green and yellowish white light from NS-GQDs, N-GQDs and GQDs can be observed, respectively, in the mixture solutions with CPPO and H2O2. For the first time, spooling CL spectroscopy was used to investigate the CL reaction mechanisms, illuminant decays and the absolute CL efficiencies of these three GQD systems. Compared with the same system of undoped GQDs, it has been found that the NS-GQDs not only present slower illuminant decay, but also display an absolute CL quantum efficiency of 0.01%, 5-fold enhancement, due to the increase in N and S doping for a well-defined band gap energy. Moreover, three peak wavelengths attributed to intrinsic emission at 425 nm, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at 575 nm and S-doped emissive surface states at 820 nm are observed for the first time in the NS-GQD system. The CL spectrum of N-GQDs displays two emission peaks at 395 and 575 nm attributed to intrinsic emission and AIE, whereas the CL spectrum of undoped GQDs demonstrates 500 nm and 600 nm peak wavelengths attributed to core emission and AIE. Absolute CL quantum efficiencies from these emissions at these various peaks can be determined quantitatively. This study provides guidance on tuning the surface states of GQD for more conducive injection of electrons and holes, facilitating the production of CL emission, which is beneficial for promoting the development of optical, bioassay and energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziying Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kenneth Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Zackry Whitworth
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
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