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Agwa MM, Marzouk RE, Sabra SA. Advances in active targeting of ligand-directed polymeric nanomicelles via exploiting overexpressed cellular receptors for precise nanomedicine. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23520-23542. [PMID: 39071479 PMCID: PMC11273262 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Many of the utilized drugs which already exist in the pharmaceutical sector are hydrophobic in nature. These drugs are characterized by being poorly absorbed and difficult to formulate in aqueous environments with low bioavailability, which could result in consuming high and frequent doses in order to fulfil the required therapeutic effect. As a result, there is a decisive demand to find modern alternatives to overcome all these drawbacks. Self-assembling polymeric nanomicelles (PMs) with their unique structure appear to be a fascinating choice as a pharmaceutical carrier system for improving the solubility & bioavailability of many drugs. PMs as drug carriers have many advantages including suitable size, high stability, prolonged circulation time, elevated cargo capacity and controlled therapeutic release. Otherwise, the pathological features of some diseased cells, like cancer, allow PMs with particle size <200 nm to be passively uptaken via enhanced permeability and retention phenomenon (EPR). However, the passive targeting approach was proven to be insufficient in many cases. Consequently, the therapeutic efficiency of these PMs can be further reinforced by enhancing their cellular internalization via incorporating targeting ligands. These targeting ligands can enhance the assemblage of loaded cargos in the intended tissues via receptor-mediated endocytosis through exploiting receptors robustly expressed on the exterior of the intended tissue while minimizing their toxic effects. In this review, the up-to-date approaches of harnessing active targeting ligands to exploit certain overexpressed receptors will be summarized concerning the functionalization of the exterior of PMs for ameliorating their targeting potential in the scope of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Agwa
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre 33 El-Behooth St, Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt +202 33370931 +202 33371635
| | - Rehab Elsayed Marzouk
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University Helwan Cairo Egypt
| | - Sally A Sabra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University Alexandria 21526 Egypt
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Julovi SM, McKelvey K, Minhas N, Chan YKA, Xue M, Jackson CJ. Involvement of PAR-2 in the Induction of Cell-Specific Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 by Activated Protein C in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:370. [PMID: 38203540 PMCID: PMC10779272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that human keratinocytes express protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 and play an important role in activated protein C (APC)-induced cutaneous wound healing. This study investigated the involvement of PAR-2 in the production of gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 by APC during cutaneous wound healing. Full-thickness excisional wounds were made on the dorsum of male C57BL/6 mice. Wounds were treated with APC on days 1, 2, and 3 post-wounding. Cultured neonatal foreskin keratinocytes were treated with APC with or without intact PAR-2 signalling to examine the effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 production. Murine dermal fibroblasts from PAR-2 knock-out (KO) mice were also assessed. MMP-2 and -9 were measured via gelatin zymography, fluorometric assay, and immunohistochemistry. APC accelerated wound healing in WT mice, but had a negligible effect in PAR-2 KO mice. APC-stimulated murine cutaneous wound healing was associated with the differential and temporal production of MMP-2 and MMP-9, with the latter peaking on day 1 and the former on day 6. Inhibition of PAR-2 in human keratinocytes reduced APC-induced MMP-2 activity by 25~50%, but had little effect on MMP-9. Similarly, APC-induced MMP-2 activation was reduced by 40% in cultured dermal fibroblasts derived from PAR-2 KO mice. This study shows for the first time that PAR-2 is essential for APC-induced MMP-2 production. Considering the important role of MMP-2 in wound healing, this work helps explain the underlying mechanisms of action of APC to promote wound healing through PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohel M. Julovi
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (K.M.); (N.M.); (Y.-K.A.C.); (M.X.); (C.J.J.)
- Kidney Injury Group, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2045, Australia
| | - Kelly McKelvey
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (K.M.); (N.M.); (Y.-K.A.C.); (M.X.); (C.J.J.)
| | - Nikita Minhas
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (K.M.); (N.M.); (Y.-K.A.C.); (M.X.); (C.J.J.)
| | - Yee-Ka Agnes Chan
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (K.M.); (N.M.); (Y.-K.A.C.); (M.X.); (C.J.J.)
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (K.M.); (N.M.); (Y.-K.A.C.); (M.X.); (C.J.J.)
| | - Christopher J. Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (K.M.); (N.M.); (Y.-K.A.C.); (M.X.); (C.J.J.)
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