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Xiong X, Qiu J, Fu S, Gu B, Zhong C, Zhao L, Gao Y. A dual-response fluorescent probe for norepinephrine and viscosity and its application in depression research. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124270. [PMID: 38608559 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a serious mental disease that causes grievous harm to human health and quality of life. The vesicular exocytosis of noradrenaline (NE), rather than its intrinsic intracellular concentration, is more associated with depression. Based on the reports on exocytosis of NE, it is reasonable to assume that the viscosity of cells has an important effect on the release of NE. Herein, a dual-response fluorescent probe (RHO-DCO-NE) for detecting NE and viscosity was designed and synthesized. The probe can simultaneously detect NE concentration and viscosity level with negligible crosstalk between the two channels. We utilized the probe to study the effect of viscosity changes on the NE release of PC12 and the corticosterone-induced PC12 cells. The experiment data revealed that the decrease in viscosity level can accelerate the release of NE of depression cell models. The finding provides new insight into the study of the pathological mechanisms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Shaofei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Biaofeng Gu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Chunli Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
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2
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Wang X, Ding Q, Groleau RR, Wu L, Mao Y, Che F, Kotova O, Scanlan EM, Lewis SE, Li P, Tang B, James TD, Gunnlaugsson T. Fluorescent Probes for Disease Diagnosis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7106-7164. [PMID: 38760012 PMCID: PMC11177268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The identification and detection of disease-related biomarkers is essential for early clinical diagnosis, evaluating disease progression, and for the development of therapeutics. Possessing the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescent probes have become effective tools for monitoring disease-related active molecules at the cellular level and in vivo. In this review, we describe current fluorescent probes designed for the detection and quantification of key bioactive molecules associated with common diseases, such as organ damage, inflammation, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and brain disorders. We emphasize the strategies behind the design of fluorescent probes capable of disease biomarker detection and diagnosis and cover some aspects of combined diagnostic/therapeutic strategies based on regulating disease-related molecules. This review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and outlook for fluorescent probes, highlighting future avenues of research that should enable these probes to achieve accurate detection and identification of disease-related biomarkers for biomedical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Ding
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Luling Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Yuantao Mao
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feida Che
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School
of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
- Advanced
Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 W9K7, Ireland
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School
of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
- Synthesis
and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ping Li
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in
Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
- Laoshan
Laboratory, 168 Wenhai
Middle Road, Aoshanwei Jimo, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School
of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
- Advanced
Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 W9K7, Ireland
- Synthesis
and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2 , Ireland
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Xiong X, Qiu J, Fu S, Gu B, Zhong C, Zhao L, Gao Y. Accurate detection depression cell model with a dual-locked fluorescence probe in response to noradrenaline and HClO. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107296. [PMID: 38527389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to the serious harm of depression to human health and quality of life, an accurate diagnosis of depression is warranted. For the complex etiology of depression, a single biomarker diagnostic method often leads to misdiagnosis. As noradrenaline and HClO are closely related to depression, a "dual-locked" fluorescence probe R-NE-HClO for diagnosing of depression through the simultaneous detection of noradrenaline and HClO was designed and synthesized. Fluorescence of R-NE-HClO can only be restored in the presence of both noradrenaline and HClO. The probe demonstrates excellent selectivity for noradrenaline and HClO and low cytotoxicity in cell imaging experiments. It is to be observed that we successfully applied the probe to accurately detect depressed cells which provides a possible tool for diagnosing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Shaofei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Biaofeng Gu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Chunli Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
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4
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Choudhary D, Kumar B, Kaur R. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds: A ray of hope in depression? Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14479. [PMID: 38361139 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Depression is not similar to daily mood fluctuations and temporary emotional responses to day-to-day activities. Depression is not a passing problem; it is an ongoing problem. It deals with different episodes consisting of several symptoms that last for at least 2 weeks. It can be seen for several weeks, months, or years. At its final stage, or can say, in its worst condition, it can lead to suicide. Antidepressants are used to inhibit the reuptake of the neurotransmitters by some selective receptors, which increase the concentration of specific neurotransmitters around the nerves in the brain. Drugs that are currently being used for the management of various types of depression include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antidepressants, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, etc. In this review, we have outlined different symptoms, causes, and recent advancements in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug candidates for the management of depression. This article highlights the various structural features along with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nitrogen-containing heterocyclics that play a key role in binding at target sites for potential antidepressant action. The in silico studies were carried out to determine the binding interactions of the target ligands with the receptor site to determine the potential role of substitution patterns at core pharmacophoric features. This article will help medicinal chemists, biochemists, and other interested researchers in identifying the potential pharmacophores as lead compounds for further development of new potent antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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5
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Yan H, Wang Y, Huo F, Yin C. Fast-Specific Fluorescent Probes to Visualize Norepinephrine Signaling Pathways and Its Flux in the Epileptic Mice Brain. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3229-3237. [PMID: 36701205 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the locus coeruleus and widely projected throughout the brain and spinal cord. It regulates various actions and consciousness linked to a variety of neurological diseases. A "hunting-shooting" strategy was proposed in this work to improve the specificity and response rate of an NE fluorescent probe: 2-(cyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile derivatives were chosen as a fluorophore. To create a dual-site probe, an aldehyde group was added to the ortho of the ester group (or benzene sulfonate). Because of its excellent electrophilic activity, the aldehyde group could rapidly "hunt" the amino group and then form an intramolecular five-membered ring via the nucleophilic reaction with the β-hydroxyl group. The -NH- in the five-membered ring "shoots" the adjacent ester group, releasing the fluorophore and allowing for rapid and specific NE detection. The NE release and reuptake ″emetic″-″swallow″ transient process is captured and visualized under the action of the primary NE receptor drug. Furthermore, by introducing halogen into the fluorophore to lengthen the absorption wavelength, improve lipid solubility, and adjust the pKa appropriately, the probe successfully penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In situ synchronous probe imaging was used to detect the NE level in the brains of epileptic and normal mice, and abnormal expression of NE in the brain was discovered during epilepsy. Brain anatomy was used to examine the distribution and level changes of NE in various brain regions before and after epilepsy. This research provides useful tools and a theoretical foundation for diagnosing and treating central nervous system diseases early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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6
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Khan Z, Sekar N. Deep Red to NIR Emitting Xanthene Hybrids: Xanthene‐Hemicyanine Hybrids and Xanthene‐Coumarin Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Khan
- Department of Dyestuff Technology (Currently named as Department of Specialty Chemicals Technology) Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E) Mumbai Maharashtra India, PIN 400019
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology (Currently named as Department of Specialty Chemicals Technology) Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E) Mumbai Maharashtra India, PIN 400019
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7
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Gu P, Li L, Fu A, Song H, Zhao B, Wei L, Ji L, Li W, Zhang R, Wang Q, He G, Yang L. High-performance fluorescence probe for fast and specific visualization of norepinephrine in vivo and depression-like mice. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106306. [PMID: 36493621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE), as an important neurotransmitter, is closely associated with the pathogenesis of anxiety and depressive disorders. Effective monitoring of NE fluctuation aids in the diagnosis of depression and the therapeutic assessment of the antidepressant intervention. The construction of novel fluorescent probes with high specificity towards NE for imaging in depression models is still in demand urgently. In this work, a novel resorufin-based red-emitting fluorescent probe for real-time tracking NE was developed. NE can significantly increase the fluorescence of probe LNE by triggering deprotection of carbonothioate ligand via nucleophilic substitution. The probe LNE demonstrated significant NE selectivity and sensitivity over other analytes in vitro. In addition, probe LNE showed a fast response time (<10 min), and the change in fluorescence signal was positively linked with NE concentration, which could be utilized to track the dysregulation of NE in vivo. More importantly, this powerful probe was successfully employed for real-time visual and imaging of NE in living cells and depression-like behavior animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Gu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lili Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Aoxiang Fu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Huina Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lai Wei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Liguo Ji
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guangjie He
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Linlin Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road No. 601, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, PR China.
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