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Chen X, Wan S, Wang Q, Gong Y. A Thorium(IV) metallacyclopropyne complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7130. [PMID: 39164248 PMCID: PMC11336175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinide metallacyclic chemistry has been of interest due to its involvement in various chemical processes. However, fundamental understanding on the key species, actinide metallacyclic complexes, is limited to metallacyclopropenes whereas little is known about the actinide metallacyclopropynes presumably due to their unusual high reactivity. Herein, we report the preparation of a thorium metallacyclopropyne complex (η2-C ≡ C)ThCl3- in the gas phase by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and it is generated via a single-ligand strategy through sequential losses of CO2 and HCl from the monopropynoate precursor (HC ≡ CCO2)ThCl4- upon collision-induced dissociation. Alternatively, the dual-ligand strategy involving consecutive losses of two CO2 and one C2H2 from the dipropynoate precursor (HC ≡ CCO2)2ThCl3- works as well. According to the reactivity experiments and theoretical calculations, (η2-C ≡ C)ThCl3- possesses a dianionic ligand C22- coordinated to the Th(IV) center in a side-on fashion. Further bonding analysis demonstrates the presence of a triple bond between the two C atoms, and the Th 5 f orbitals are significantly involved in the Th-(C ≡ C) bonding. A Th metallacyclopropyne structure is thus established for (η2-C ≡ C)ThCl3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Thorium Energy, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Songpeng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Thorium Energy, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thorium Energy, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Thorium Energy, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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Wang Q, Wan S, Zhou J, Fu H, Chen X. Formation and Structure of Gas-Phase Lanthanide(III) Cyanobenzyne Complex (η 2-4-CNC 6H 3)LnCl 2-, Obtained via Both the Single- and Dual-Ligand Strategies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:767-774. [PMID: 38431873 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The lanthanide(III) cyanobenzyne complexes (η2-4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- (Ln = La-Lu except Eu; Pm was not examined) were generated in the gas phase using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) technique. For all lanthanides except Sm, Eu, and Yb, (4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- can be generated either via a single-ligand strategy through consecutive CO2 and HCl losses of (4-CNC6H4CO2)LnCl3- or via a dual-ligand strategy through successive CO2/C6H5CN or 4-CNC6H4CO2H and CO2 losses of (4-CNC6H4CO2)2LnCl2-. For Sm and Yb, although only reduction products LnCl3- were formed upon CID of (4-CNC6H4CO2)LnCl3-, (4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- were obtained via the dual-ligand strategy without the appearances of other products. CID of (4-CNC6H4CO2)EuCl3- and (4-CNC6H4CO2)2EuCl2- gave EuCl3- and the cyanophenyl complex (4-CNC6H4)EuCl2-, respectively, in both of which the +III oxidation state of Eu was reduced to +II. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that (4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- are formally described as Ln(III) cyanobenzyne complexes, (η2-4-CNC6H3)LnCl2-, with the dianionic cyanobenzyne ligand (4-CNC6H32-) coordinating to the Ln(III) centers through two Ln-C σ bonds, which is in accordance with their reactivities toward water. Benzyne and substituted benzyne complexes (XC6H3)LuCl2- (X = H, 3-CN, 4-F, 4-Cl, and 4-CH3) were also synthesized in the gas phase via the single- and dual-ligand strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songpeng Wan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhao Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Haiying Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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Zhang FX, Zhang YH, Wang M, Ma JB. Nitrogen adsorption on Nb 2C 6H 4+ cations: the important role of benzyne ( ortho-C 6H 4). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3912-3919. [PMID: 38230689 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
N2 adsorption is a prerequisite for activation and transformation. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry experiments show that the Nb2C6H4+ cation, resulting from the gas-phase reaction of Nb2+ with C6H6, is more favorable for N2 adsorption than Nb+ and Nb2+ cations. Density functional theory calculations reveal the effect of the ortho-C6H4 ligand on N2 adsorption. In Nb2C6H4+, interactions between the Nb-4d and C-2p orbitals enable the Nb2+ cation to form coordination bonds with the ortho-C6H4 ligand. Although the ortho-C6H4 ligand in Nb2C6H4+ is not directly involved in the reaction, its presence increases the polarity of the cluster and brings the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) closer to the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of N2, thereby increasing the N2 adsorption energy, which effectively facilitates N2 adsorption and activation. This study provides fundamental insights into the mechanisms of N2 adsorption in "transition metal-organic ligand" systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
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Shafi Z, Gibson JK. Organolanthanide Complexes Containing Ln-CH 3 σ-bonds: Unexpectedly Similar Hydrolysis Rates for Trivalent and Tetravalent Organocerium. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18399-18413. [PMID: 37910232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the gas-phase preparation, isolation, and reactivity of a series of organolanthanides featuring the Ln-CH3 bond. The complexes are formed by decarboxylating anionic lanthanide acetates to form trivalent [LnIII(CH3)(CH3CO2)3]- (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Tm, Yb, Lu), divalent [EuII(CH3)(CH3CO2)2]-, and the first examples of tetravalent organocerium complexes featuring CeIV-Calkyl σ-bonds: [CeIV(O)(CH3)(CH3CO2)2]- and [CeIV(O)(CH3)(NO3)2]-. Attempts to isolate PrIV-CH3 and TbIV-CH3 were unsuccessful; however, fragmentation patterns reveal that the oxidation of LnIII to a LnIV-oxo-acetate complex is more favorable for Ln = Pr than for Ln = Tb. The rate of Ln-CH3 hydrolysis is a measure of bond stability, and it decreases from LaIII-CH3 to LuIII-CH3, with increasing steric crowding for smaller Ln stabilizing the harder Ln-CH3 bond against hydrolysis. [EuII(CH3)(CH3CO2)2]- engages in a much faster hydrolysis versus LnIII-CH3. The surprising observation of similar hydrolysis rates for CeIV-CH3 and CeIII-CH3 is discussed with respect to sterics, the oxo ligand, and bond covalency in σ-bonded organolanthanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Shafi
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John K Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Yang M, Xiong Z, Li Y, Chen X, Zhou W. Gas-phase formation of Grignard-type organolanthanide (III) ions RLnCl 3 - : The influences of lanthanide center and hydrocarbyl group. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9512. [PMID: 36972406 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compared with organomagnesium compounds (Grignard reagents), the Grignard-type organolanthanides (III) exhibit several utilizable differences in reactivity. However, the fundamental understanding of Grignard-type organolanthanides (III) is still in its infancy. Decarboxylation of metal carboxylate ions is an effective method to obtain organometallic ions that are well suited for gas-phase investigation using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. METHODS The (RCO2 )LnCl3 - (R = CH3 , Ln = La-Lu except Pm; Ln = La, R = CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, C6 H5 , and C6 H11 ) precursor ions were produced in the gas phase via ESI of LnCl3 and RCO2 H or RCO2 Na mixtures in methanol. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) was employed to examine whether the Grignard-type organolanthanide (III) ions RLnCl3 - can be obtained via decarboxylation of lanthanide chloride carboxylate ions (RCO2 )LnCl3 - . DFT calculations can be used to determine the influences of lanthanide center and hydrocarbyl group on the formation of RLnCl3 - . RESULTS When R = CH3 , CID of (CH3 CO2 )LnCl3 - (Ln = La-Lu except Pm) yielded decarboxylation products (CH3 )LnCl3 - and reduction products LnCl3 ·- with a variation in the relative intensity ratio of (CH3 )LnCl3 - /LnCl3 ·- . The trend is as follows: (CH3 )EuCl3 - /EuCl3 ·- < (CH3 )YbCl3 - /YbCl3 ·- ≈ (CH3 )SmCl3 - /SmCl3 ·- < other (CH3 )LnCl3 - /LnCl3 ·- , which complies with the trend of Ln (III)/Ln (II) reduction potentials in general. When Ln = La and hydrocarbyl groups were varied as CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, C6 H5 , and C6 H11 , the fragmentation behaviors of these (RCO2 )LaCl3 - precursor ions were diverse. Except for (C6 H11 CO2 )LaCl3 - , the four remaining (RCO2 )LaCl3 - (R = CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, and C6 H5 ) ions all underwent decarboxylation to yield RLaCl3 - . (CH2 CH)LaCl3 - and especially (CH3 CH2 )LaCl3 - are prone to undergo β-hydride transfer to form LaHCl3 - , whereas (HCC)LaCl3 - and (C6 H5 )LaCl3 - are not. A minor reduction product, LaCl3 ·- , was formed via C6 H5 radical loss of (C6 H5 )LaCl3 - . The relative intensities of RLaCl3 - compared to (RCO2 )LaCl3 - decrease as follows: HCC > CH2 CH > C6 H5 > CH3 > CH3 CH2 >> C6 H11 (not visible). CONCLUSION A series of Grignard-type organolanthanide (III) ions RLnCl3 - (R = CH3 , Ln = La-Lu except Pm; Ln = La, R = CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, and C6 H5 ) were produced from (RCO2 )LnCl3 - via CO2 loss, whereas (C6 H11 )LaCl3 - did not. The experimental and theoretical results suggest that the reduction potentials of Ln (III)/Ln (II) couples as well as the bulkiness and hybridization of hydrocarbyl groups play important roles in promoting or limiting the formation of RLnCl3 - via decarboxylation of (RCO2 )LnCl3 - .
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjuan Li
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Xiong Z, Yang M, Chen X, Gong Y. Dual-Ligand Strategy for the Preparation of Gas-Phase Uranyl(VI) Benzyne Complexes from Uranyl(VI) Benzoates. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2266-2272. [PMID: 36689614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The uranyl(VI) benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- was prepared in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with collision-induced dissociation. It was formed via a dual-ligand strategy that requires the elimination of benzoic acid or benzene/CO2 from the uranyl dibenzoate precursor (C6H5CO2)2UO2Cl-. This contrasts the known strategy for the formation of gas-phase benzyne complexes that would result from CO2/HCl elimination from (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2-, during which only one benzoate ligand is involved. Such dual-ligand strategy can be extended to the preparation of a series of methyl- and halo-substituted benzyne complexes of uranyl(VI). Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP level reveal that the benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- features a metallacyclopropene structure with the C6H42- ligand coordinated to uranium(VI) through two polarized U-Cbenzyne σ bonds, in accordance with the reactivity test toward water. Dehydrochlorination of the benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- from (C6H5)UO2Cl2- that originates from decarboxylation of (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2- with a single benzoate ligand is neither kinetically nor thermodynamically favorable than simple C6H5 radical loss to give UVO2Cl2-. This arises from the presence of an accessible V oxidation state for uranium and accounts for the necessity for the dual-ligand strategy in the preparation of uranyl(VI) benzyne complexes from uranyl benzoate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China.,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China.,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China
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