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Xu MB, Li JJ, Wu HY, Ma N, Yu N, Zhuo MF, Chen J, Du KZ. Ba 2Ga 2F 6(IO 3)(PO 4): the first fluoride-containing iodate-phosphate with a 1D [Ga 2F 6(IO 3)(PO 4)] 4- helix chain. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10536-10543. [PMID: 38842192 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04343f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the first F-containing iodate-phosphate, namely Ba2Ga2F6(IO3)(PO4), was prepared via a hydrothermal reaction, in which HPF6 (70 wt% solution in water) was used as the source of both fluoride and phosphate anions for the first time. Ba2Ga2F6(IO3)(PO4) features an unprecedented 1D [Ga2F6(IO3)(PO4)]4- helix chain, composed of a 1D Ga(1)(IO3)O4F chain via the bridging of 0D Ga(2)(PO4)F5. The UV-Vis spectrum shows that Ba2Ga2F6(IO3)(PO4) has a wide bandgap with a short-UV absorption edge (4.35 eV; 253 nm). Birefringence measurement under a polarizing microscope shows that Ba2Ga2F6(IO3)(PO4) displays a moderate birefringence of 0.072@550 nm, which is consistent with the value (0.070@550 nm) obtained by DFT calculations, indicating that Ba2Ga2F6(IO3)(PO4) has potential applications as a short-UV birefringent material. This study highlights the crucial role played by the incorporation of specific functional groups into compounds, shedding light on their contribution to promising inorganic functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Bin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Jia-Jia Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Huai-Yu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Nan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Mo-Fan Zhuo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Zhao Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Yan M, Tang RL, Xu W, Liu W, Guo SP. Centrosymmetric CaBaMF 8 and Noncentrosymmetric Li 2CaMF 8 (M = Zr, Hf): Dimension Variation and Nonlinear Optical Activity Resulting from an Isovalent Cation Substitution-Oriented Design. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5260-5268. [PMID: 38447050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Zirconium/hafnium fluorides have recently been recognized as potential nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with short ultraviolet (UV) cutoff edges, which is significant in laser science and industry. The synthesis of noncentrosymmetric (NCS) materials based on centrosymmetric (CS) compounds by an isovalent cation substitution-oriented design is an emerging strategy in the NLO territory. Here, two isostructural and novel fluorides, CaBaMF8 (M = Zr (1), Hf (2)), have been synthesized through the combination of alkaline earth metals, zirconium/hafnium, and fluorine elements. They feature zero-dimensional and CS structures composed by an isolated MF8 (M = Zr, Hf) dodecahedron and dissociative Ca2+ and Ba2+ cations, and they display short UV cutoff edges (<200 nm) as well. Two three-dimensional fluorides Li2CaMF8 (M = Zr (3), Hf (4)) are obtained by replacing Ba with alkali metal Li atom, which not only represent phase-matchable second-harmonic-generation activities (0.36, 0.30× KH2PO4 (KDP)) at 1064 nm but also maintain short UV cutoff edges with high reflectance. This work has largely enriched the family of NCS zirconium/hafnium fluorides reaching the short UV region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Ling Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ping Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
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3
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Xie WJ, Tang RL, Yan SN, Ma N, Hu CL, Mao JG. Ba 4B 14O 25: A Deep Ultraviolet Transparent Nonlinear Optical Crystal with Strong Second Harmonic Generation Response Achieved by a Boron-Rich Closed-Loop Strategy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307072. [PMID: 37940616 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new deep ultraviolet (DUV) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is the current research hotspot. However, how to perfectly integrate several stringent performances into a crystal is a great challenge because of the natural incompatibility among them, particularly wide band gap and large NLO coefficient. To tackle the challenge, a boron-rich closed-loop strategy is supposed, based on which a new barium borate, Ba4B14O25, is designed and synthesized successfully via the high-temperature solid-state melting method. It features a highly polymeric 3D geometry with the closed-loop anionic framework [B14O25]8- constructed by the fundamental building blocks [B14O33]24-. The high-density π-conjugated [BO3]3- groups and the fully closed-loop B-O-B connections make Ba4B14O25 possess excellent NLO properties, including short UV cutoff edge (<200 nm), large second harmonic generation response (3.0 × KDP) and phase-matching capability, being a promising DUV-transparent NLO candidate material. The work provides a creative design strategy for the exploration of DUV NLO crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Ling Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 2180012, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Nan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Gao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
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Chen QQ, Hu CL, Zhang MZ, Li BX, Mao JG. α- and β-(C 4H 5N 2O)(IO 3)·HIO 3: Two SHG Materials Based on Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Iodates. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12613-12619. [PMID: 37566101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are highly anticipated because of the integration of both merits of the organic and inorganic moieties. Herein, the 2-pyrimidinone cation (C4H5N2O)+ has been incorporated into the iodate system to form two polymorphic organic-inorganic hybrid iodates, namely, α- and β-(C4H5N2O)(IO3)·HIO3. They crystallize in different polar space groups (Ia and Pca21), and their structures feature one-dimensional (1D) chain structures composed of (C4H5N2O)+ cations, IO3- anions, and HIO3 molecules interconnected via hydrogen bonds. α- and β-(C4H5N2O) (IO3)·HIO3 exhibit strong and moderate second-harmonic-generation (SHG) responses of 6.4 and 0.9 × KH2PO4 (KDP), respectively, the same band gaps of 3.65 eV, and high powder laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) values [51 and 57 × AgGaS2 (AGS)]. The results of theoretical calculations revealed that the large SHG effect of α-(C4H5N2O)(IO3)·HIO3 originated from the IO3 and HIO3 groups. This work indicates that (C4H5N2O)+ is a potential group for designing new NLO materials with brilliant optical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Gao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Han X, Wang Z, Lu N, Tang J, Lu P, Zhu K, Guan J, Feike T. Comprehensive study on the hydrochar for adsorption of Cd(II): preparation, characterization, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64221-64232. [PMID: 37061638 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization process via converting invasive plants into functional materials may provide a novel strategy to comprehensively control and utilized the exotic invasive plants. In this study, Eupatorium adenophorum was utilized to fabricate the hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization process, which was further applied to remove Cd(II). The results showed that the hydrochar was a mesoporous material with abundant O-containing functional groups (OFPs) on the surface. The adsorption isotherms were fitted by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the maximum adsorption amount achieved 24.53 mg/g. The adsorption dynamics were governed by surface adsorption and film diffusion. pH and ionic strength can exert a strong influence on the adsorption efficiency. The mechanisms on the adsorption of Cd(II) on the hydrochar concluded the pore-filling effects, electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, precipitation, coordination with π electrons, and surface complexation with the OFPs, such as hydroxyl, carboxylic, phenol, acetyl, and ester groups. Thus, hydrothermal carbonization process may provide a promising technique to fabricate the hydrocar for the treatment of Cd(II), which may facilitate comprehensive control of invasive plants and boost to the carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiunian Guan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.
| | - Til Feike
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Inst. for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, 14532, Kleinmachnow, Germany
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Li PF, Hu CL, Kong F, Mao JG. The First UV Nonlinear Optical Selenite Material: Fluorination Control in CaYF(SeO 3 ) 2 and Y 3 F(SeO 3 ) 4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301420. [PMID: 36847469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to develop UV nonlinear optical (NLO) material due to the demanding conditions of strong second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity and wide band gap. The first ultraviolet NLO selenite material, Y3 F(SeO3 )4 , has been obtained by control of the fluorine content in a centrosymmetric CaYF(SeO3 )2 . The two new compounds represent similar 3D structures composed of 3D yttrium open frameworks strengthened by selenite groups. CaYF(SeO3 )2 has a large birefringence (0.138@532 nm and 0.127@1064 nm) and a wide optical band gap (5.06 eV). The non-centrosymmetric Y3 F(SeO3 )4 can exhibit strong SHG intensity (5.5×KDP@1064 nm), wide band gap (5.03 eV), short UV cut-off edge (204 nm) and high thermal stability (690 °C). So, Y3 F(SeO3 )4 is a new UV NLO material with excellent comprehensive properties. Our work shows that it is an effective method to develop new UV NLO selenite material by fluorination control of the centrosymmetric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Fang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Gao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang B, Chen Z. Recent Advances of Inorganic Phosphates with UV/DUV Cutoff Edge and Large Second Harmonic Response. CHINESE JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Yan D, Ren MM, Mao FF, Ma Y, Tang RL, Zhang B, Ma Y, Zhang XD, Li SF. C(NH 2) 3(I 3O 8)(HI 3O 8)(H 2I 2O 6)(HIO 3) 4·3H 2O: An Unprecedented Asymmetric Guanidinium Polyiodate with a Strong Second-Harmonic-Generation Response and a Wide Band Gap. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1323-1327. [PMID: 36657021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an unprecedented asymmetric guanidinium polyiodate, namely, C(NH2)3(I3O8)(HI3O8)(H2I2O6)(HIO3)4·3H2O (1). The title compound was obtained via the hybridization of polyiodate anions and planar π-conjugated C(NH2)3+; meanwhile, its strong second-harmonic-generation (SHG) response (2.1 × KDP, where KDP = KH2PO4) and wide band gap (3.89 eV) were mainly dominated by the synergy effect of the aforementioned structural units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.,College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Ling Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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Chen J, Du KZ. ZrF 2(IO 3) 2 and RbGaF 3(IO 3): Two Promising Birefringent Crystals Featuring 1D Metal-Fluoride Cationic Chains and Wide Bandgaps. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17893-17901. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Ke-Zhao Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou350002, China
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Ma N, Hu CL, Chen J, Fang Z, Huang Y, Li BX, Mao JG. CaCe(IO 3) 3(IO 3F)F: a promising nonlinear optical material containing both IO 3− and IO 3F 2− anions. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A promising nonlinear optical material, CaCe(IO3)3(IO3F)F, containing both IO3− and IO3F2− anions, has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Gao Mao
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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