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Ghosh AK, Sharma A, Ghazi S. An Enzymatic Route to the Synthesis of Tricyclic Fused Hexahydrofuranofuran P2-Ligand for a Series of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett 2024; 140:155013. [PMID: 38586565 PMCID: PMC10994151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2024.155013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
We describe a stereoselective synthesis of an optically active (1R, 3aS, 5R, 6S, 7aR)-octahydro-1,6-epoxy-isobenzo-furan-5-ol derivative. This stereochemically defined heterocycle serves as a high-affinity ligand for a variety of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The key synthetic steps involve a highly enantioselective enzymatic desymmetrization of meso-1,2(dihydroxymethyl)cyclohex-4-ene and conversion of the resulting optically active alcohol to a methoxy hexahydroisobenzofuran derivative. A substrate controlled stereoselective dihydroxylation afforded syn-1,2-diols. Oxidation of diol provided the substituted 1,2-diketone and L-Selectride reduction provided the corresponding inverted syn-1,2-diols. Acid catalyzed cyclization furnished the ligand alcohol in optically active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Somayeh Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Borges PHO, Ferreira SB, Silva FP. Recent Advances on Targeting Proteases for Antiviral Development. Viruses 2024; 16:366. [PMID: 38543732 PMCID: PMC10976044 DOI: 10.3390/v16030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are an important target for drug development, since they can modulate vital pathways in viral replication, maturation, assembly and cell entry. With the (re)appearance of several new viruses responsible for causing diseases in humans, like the West Nile virus (WNV) and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), understanding the mechanisms behind blocking viral protease's function is pivotal for the development of new antiviral drugs and therapeutical strategies. Apart from directly inhibiting the target protease, usually by targeting its active site, several new pathways have been explored to impair its activity, such as inducing protein aggregation, targeting allosteric sites or by inducing protein degradation by cellular proteasomes, which can be extremely valuable when considering the emerging drug-resistant strains. In this review, we aim to discuss the recent advances on a broad range of viral proteases inhibitors, therapies and molecular approaches for protein inactivation or degradation, giving an insight on different possible strategies against this important class of antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Oliveira Borges
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biological Prospecting, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Baptista Ferreira
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biological Prospecting, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
| | - Floriano Paes Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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3
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Sun L, Nie P, Luan L, Herdewijn P, Wang YT. Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved small-molecule Anti-HIV drugs: An update. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115847. [PMID: 37801826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit the HIV replication process has brought about a significant metamorphosis in the landscape of AIDS. Substantial declines in morbidity and mortality rates have been attained, accompanied by notable decreases in healthcare resource utilization. However, treatment modalities do not uniformly inhibit HIV replication in every patient, while the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains poses a substantial obstacle to subsequent therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, chronic administration of therapy may lead to the manifestation of toxicities. These challenges necessitate the exploration of novel pharmacological agents and innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at effectively managing the persistent viral replication characteristic of chronic infection. This review examines the role of clinically approved small-molecule drugs in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, which provides an in-depth analysis of the major classes of small-molecule drugs, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic enhancers. The review mainly discusses the application, synthetic routes, and mechanisms of action of small-molecule drugs employed in the treatment of HIV, as well as their use in combination with antiretroviral therapy, presenting viewpoints on forthcoming avenues in the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li Luan
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Lockbaum GJ, Rusere LN, Henes M, Kosovrasti K, Rao DN, Spielvogel E, Lee SK, Nalivaika EA, Swanstrom R, Yilmaz NK, Schiffer CA, Ali A. HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a P1 phosphonate modification maintain potency against drug-resistant variants by increased interactions with flap residues. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115501. [PMID: 37244161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are the most potent antivirals against HIV-1, but they still lose efficacy against resistant variants. Improving the resistance profile is key to developing more robust inhibitors, which may be promising candidates for simplified next-generation antiretroviral therapies. In this study, we explored analogs of darunavir with a P1 phosphonate modification in combination with increasing size of the P1' hydrophobic group and various P2' moieties to improve potency against resistant variants. The phosphonate moiety substantially improved potency against highly mutated and resistant HIV-1 protease variants, but only when combined with more hydrophobic moieties at the P1' and P2' positions. Phosphonate analogs with a larger hydrophobic P1' moiety maintained excellent antiviral potency against a panel of highly resistant HIV-1 variants, with significantly improved resistance profiles. The cocrystal structures indicate that the phosphonate moiety makes extensive hydrophobic interactions with the protease, especially with the flap residues. Many residues involved in these protease-inhibitor interactions are conserved, enabling the inhibitors to maintain potency against highly resistant variants. These results highlight the need to balance inhibitor physicochemical properties by simultaneous modification of chemical groups to further improve resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Lockbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Linah N Rusere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Klajdi Kosovrasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Desaboini Nageswara Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Ean Spielvogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, And the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Sook-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, And the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Ellen A Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, And the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
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Ji C. Molecular Factors and Pathways of Hepatotoxicity Associated with HIV/SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097938. [PMID: 37175645 PMCID: PMC10178330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral protease inhibitors are peptidomimetic molecules that block the active catalytic center of viral proteases and, thereby, prevent the cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors into maturation. They continue to be a key class of antiviral drugs that can be used either as boosters for other classes of antivirals or as major components of current regimens in therapies for the treatment of infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, sustained/lifelong treatment with the drugs or drugs combined with other substance(s) often leads to severe hepatic side effects such as lipid abnormalities, insulin resistance, and hepatotoxicity. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not fully known and are under continuous investigation. This review focuses on the general as well as specific molecular mechanisms of the protease inhibitor-induced hepatotoxicity involving transporter proteins, apolipoprotein B, cytochrome P450 isozymes, insulin-receptor substrate 1, Akt/PKB signaling, lipogenic factors, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, pregnane X receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, off-target proteases, and small GTPase Rab proteins related to ER-Golgi trafficking, organelle stress, and liver injury. Potential pharmaceutical/therapeutic solutions to antiviral drug-induced hepatic side effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Research Center for Liver Disease, GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Dakshinamoorthy A, Asmita A, Senapati S. Comprehending the Structure, Dynamics, and Mechanism of Action of Drug-Resistant HIV Protease. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9748-9763. [PMID: 36969469 PMCID: PMC10034783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the 1980s, strategies to combat HIV-AIDS are continuously evolving. Among the many tested targets to tackle this virus, its protease enzyme (PR) was proven to be an attractive option that brought about numerous research publications and ten FDA-approved drugs to inhibit the PR activity. However, the drug-induced mutations in the enzyme made these small molecule inhibitors ineffective with prolonged usage. The research on HIV PR, therefore, remains a thrust area even today. Through this review, we reiterate the importance of understanding the various structural and functional components of HIV PR in redesigning the structure-based small molecule inhibitors. We also discuss at length the currently available FDA-approved drugs and how these drug molecules induced mutations in the enzyme structure. We then recapitulate the reported mechanisms on how these drug-resistant variants remain sufficiently active to cleave the natural substrates. We end with the future scope covering the recently proposed strategies that show promise to deal with the mutations.
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Ghosh AK, Shahabi D, Kipfmiller M, Ghosh AK, Johnson M, Wang YF, Agniswamy J, Amano M, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Evaluation of darunavir-derived HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating P2' amide-derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluation and structural studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 83:129168. [PMID: 36738797 PMCID: PMC10061991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of darunavir derived HIV-1 protease inhibitors and their functional effect on enzyme inhibition and antiviral activity in MT-2 cell lines. The P2' 4-amino functionality was modified to make a number of amide derivatives to interact with residues in the S2' subsite of the HIV-1 protease active site. Several compounds exhibited picomolar enzyme inhibitory and low nanomolar antiviral activity. The X-ray crystal structure of the chloroacetate derivative bound to HIV-1 protease was determined. Interestingly, the active chloroacetate group converted to the acetate functionality during X-ray exposure. The structure revealed that the P2' carboxamide functionality makes enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone atoms in the S2'-subsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Dana Shahabi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maya Kipfmiller
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ajay K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Megan Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Irene T Weber
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030539. [PMID: 36992123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral vector vaccines are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Recently, viral vector-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as useful tools, owing to their safety and ability to escape from neutral antibodies. Herein, we summarize the possible cellular mechanisms underlying EV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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