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Wang J, Yang Y, Liu C, Zhang D. Theoretical Insight into the Palladium-Catalyzed Prenylation and Geranylation of Oxindoles with Isoprene. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4855-4866. [PMID: 38447568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive mechanistic study of the ligand-controlled palladium-catalyzed prenylation (with C5 added) and geranylation (with C10 added) reactions of oxindole with isoprene. The calculated results indicate that the prenylation with the bis-phosphine ligand and geranylation with the monophosphine ligand fundamentally share a common mechanism. This mechanism involves the formation of two crucial species: a η3-allyl-Pd(II) cation and an oxindole carbon anion. Furthermore, the reactions necessitate the assistance of a second oxindole molecule, which serves as a Brønsted acid, providing a proton to generate the oxindole nitrogen anion. The oxindole nitrogen anion then acts as a Brønsted base, abstracting a C-H proton from another oxindole molecule to form an oxindole carbon anion. These mechanistic details differ significantly from those proposed in the experimental work. The present calculations do not support the presence of the Pd-H species and the η3, η3-diallyl-Pd(II) intermediate, which were previously suggested in experiments. The theoretical results rationalize the experimental finding that the bis-phosphine ligand favors the prenylation of oxindole, while the monophosphine ligand enables the geranylation of oxindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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Tang Y, Pu M, Lei M. Cyclopentadienone Diphosphine Ruthenium Complex: A Designed Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2431-2439. [PMID: 38306607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of homogeneous metal catalysts for the efficient hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol (CH3OH) remains a significant challenge. In this study, a new cyclopentadienone diphosphine ligand (CPDDP ligand) was designed, which could coordinate with ruthenium to form a Ru-CPDDP complex to efficiently catalyze the CO2-to-methanol process using dihydrogen (H2) as the hydrogen resource based on density functional theory (DFT) mechanistic investigation. This process consists of three catalytic cycles, stage I (the hydrogenation of CO2 to HCOOH), stage II (the hydrogenation of HCOOH to HCHO), and stage III (the hydrogenation of HCHO to CH3OH). The calculated free energy barriers for the hydrogen transfer (HT) steps of stage I, stage II, and stage III are 7.5, 14.5, and 3.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The most favorable pathway of the dihydrogen activation (DA) steps of three stages to regenerate catalytic species is proposed to be the formate-assisted DA step with a free energy barrier of 10.4 kcal/mol. The calculated results indicate that the designed Ru-CPDDP and Ru-CPDDPEt complexes could catalyze hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH (HCM) under mild conditions and that the transition-metal owning designed CPDDP ligand framework be one kind of promising potential efficient catalysts for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Yue Y, Ma T, Qi H, Zhao Y, Shi X, Tang Y, Pu M, Lei M. The theoretical design of manganese catalysts with a Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core-based bowl-shaped quadridentate ligand for the hydrogenation of CO/CN bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27829-27835. [PMID: 37814900 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new series of bowl-shaped quadridentate ligands with a Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core and their manganese catalysts were designed using the density functional theory (DFT) method for the hydrogenation of unsaturated CX (XN, O) bonds. The frameworks of these ligands named by LYG (LYG = P(R1)2CH2Si(CH2)(CH3)NSi(CH3)(CH2Si(CH3)CH2P(R3)2)CH2P(R2)2) have a Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core at the bottom of the bowl structure and each Si atom links with one phosphorus arm (-CH2PR2). The Mn catalyst Mn(CO)-LYG was constructed to catalyze the hydrogenation of CO/CN bonds. The calculated results indicate that due to the bowl-shaped structure of LYG quadridentate ligands, these Mn catalysts could be advantageous not only in the tuneup of catalytic activity and stereoselectivity by modifying three phosphorus arms but also in the homogeneous catalyst immobilization by linking with the Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core using different supports. This work might provide theoretical insights to design new framework transition-metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of CX bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Hexiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yanhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Liu SC, Zhu XR, Liu DY, Fang DC. DFT calculations in solution systems: solvation energy, dispersion energy and entropy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:913-931. [PMID: 36519338 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations of reaction mechanisms in solution have always been a hot topic, especially for transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. The calculation of solvation energy is performed using either the polarizable continuum model (PCM) or the universal solvation model SMD. The PCM calculation is very sensitive to the choice of atomic radii to form a cavity, where the self-consistent isodensity PCM (SCI-PCM) has been recognized as the best choice and our IDSCRF radii can provide a similar cavity. Moving from a gas-phase case to a solution case, dispersion energy and entropy should be carefully treated. The solvent-solute dispersion is also important in solution systems, and it should be calculated together with the solute dispersion. Only half of the solvent-solute dispersion energy from the PCM calculation belongs to the solute molecules to maintain a thermal equilibrium between a solute molecule and its cavity, similar to the treatment of electrostatic energy. Relative solute dispersion energy should also be shared equally with the newly formed cavity. The entropy change from a gas phase to a liquid phase is quite large, but the modern quantum chemistry programs can only calculate the gas-phase translational entropy based on the idea-gas equation. In this review, we will provide an operable method to calculate the solution translational entropy, which has been coded in our THERMO program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xin-Rui Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dan-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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The Origin of Stereoselectivity in the Hydrogenation of Oximes Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes: A DFT Mechanistic Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238349. [PMID: 36500448 PMCID: PMC9737400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein the reaction mechanism and the origin of stereoselectivity of asymmetric hydrogenation of oximes to hydroxylamines catalyzed by the cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes with chiral substituted single cyclopentadienyl ligands (Ir catalysts A1 and B1) under acidic condition were unveiled using DFT calculations. The catalytic cycle for this reaction consists of the dihydrogen activation step and the hydride transfer step. The calculated results indicate that the hydride transfer step is the chirality-determining step and the involvement of methanesulfonate anion (MsO-) in this reaction is of importance in the asymmetric hydrogenation of oximes catalyzed by A1 and B1. The calculated energy barriers for the hydride transfer steps without an MsO- anion are higher than those with an MsO- anion. The differences in Gibbs free energies between TSA5-1fR/TSA5-1fS and TSB5-1fR/TSB5-1fS are 13.8/13.2 (ΔΔG‡ = 0.6 kcal/mol) and 7.5/5.6 (ΔΔG‡ = 1.9 kcal/mol) kcal/mol for the hydride transfer step of substrate protonated oximes with E configuration (E-2a-H+) with MsO- anion to chiral hydroxylamines product R-3a/S-3a catalyzed by A1 and B1, respectively. According to the Curtin-Hammet principle, the major products are hydroxylamines S-3a for the reaction catalyzed by A1 and B1, which agrees well with the experimental results. This is due to the non-covalent interactions among the protonated substrate, MsO- anion and catalytic species. The hydrogen bond could not only stabilize the catalytic species, but also change the preference of stereoselectivity of this reaction.
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