1
|
Javed S, Mangla B, Sultan MH, Almoshari Y, Sivadasan D, Alqahtani SS, Madkhali OA, Ahsan W. Pharmaceutical applications of therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) in maximising drug delivery. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29783. [PMID: 38694051 PMCID: PMC11058303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The issue of poor solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has been a salient area of investigation and novel drug delivery systems are being developed to improve the solubility of drugs, enhance their permeability and thereby their efficacy. Several techniques for solubilization enhancement of poorly soluble drugs are often employed at various stages of pharmaceutical drug product development. One such delivery system is the therapeutic deep eutectic system (THEDES), which showed great potential in the enhancement of solubility and permeability of drugs and ultimately augmenting their bioavailability. THEDES are made by mixing drugs with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in a definite molar ratio by the hit and trial method. The DESs are a new class of green solvents which are non-toxic, cheap, easy to prepare, biodegradable and have multiple applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The terminologies such as ionic liquids (ILs), DES, THEDES, and therapeutic liquid eutectic systems (THELES) have been very much in use recently, and it is important to highlight the pharmaceutical applications of these unexplored reservoirs in drug solubilization enhancement, drug delivery routes, and in the management of various diseases. This review is aimed at discussing the components, formulation strategies, and routes of administration of THEDES that are used in developing the formulation. Also, the major pharmaceutical applications of THEDES in the treatment of various metabolic and non-metabolic diseases are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bharti Mangla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Muhammad H. Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Durgaramani Sivadasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. Madkhali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cupp SS, Engle AE, Hardin AW, Lindberg GE. Identifying Local Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1527-1534. [PMID: 38118072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
While interfacial regions often occupy a relatively small portion of a system, physical and chemical processes often proceed differently within them. It is therefore useful to identify interfacial regions to answer many questions in physical chemistry. Thermodynamic phases are often described by their density and local structure; therefore, interfacial regions can then be defined as regions with densities and structures that deviate from the properties of the neighboring phases. Using this perspective of local density and structure around an atom, we describe a "directed search cone" method that has proved useful in identifying atoms that sit at the interface between two regions of a system. We call the set of atoms found to be sitting on the surface "leading atoms", and we construct an interface from these atoms that we call the "leading layer interface". We demonstrate the leading layer interface on solid-vacuum, liquid-vacuum, and liquid-vapor systems. In addition to presenting our method and example calculations, we discuss some observations of local density fluctuations that may be useful for the analysis of heterogeneous systems. Depending on the circumstances, there are various perspectives of an interface that may be insightful, and our leading layer interface will be useful in situations where the correlation between interfacial dynamics and local molecular composition is investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane S Cupp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
| | - Anna E Engle
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, United States
| | - Alex W Hardin
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
- MIRA, The Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
| | - Gerrick E Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
- MIRA, The Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stephens NM, Smith EA. Structure of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs): What We Know, What We Want to Know, and Why We Need to Know It. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14017-14024. [PMID: 36346803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a tunable class of solvents with many advantageous properties including good thermal stability, facile synthesis, low vapor pressure, and low-to-negligible toxicity. DESs are composed of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors that, when combined, significantly decrease the freezing point of the resulting solvent. DESs have distinct interfacial and bulk structural heterogeneity compared to traditional solvents, in part due to various intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Many of the physiochemical properties observed for DESs are influenced by structure. However, our understanding of the interfacial and bulk structure of DESs is incomplete. To fully exploit these solvents in a range of applications including catalysis, separations, and electrochemistry, a better understanding of DES structure must be obtained. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the interfacial and bulk structure of DESs and suggest future research directions to improve our understanding of this important information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Stephens
- Ames National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Ames National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riaz M, Akhlaq M, Naz S, Uroos M. An overview of biomedical applications of choline geranate (CAGE): a major breakthrough in drug delivery. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25977-25991. [PMID: 36199602 PMCID: PMC9468656 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies are on the way to advancing the field of biomedical sciences using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in view of their unique properties and inherent tunability. These significant solvents tend to enhance the physical properties of the drug, increase their bioavailability and promote the delivery of recalcitrant drugs to the body. One such widely investigated tempting multipurpose IL/DES system is choline geranate (CAGE), which has gained significant interest due to its biocompatible and highly potent antiseptic behavior, which also facilitates its sanitizing ability to combat the coronavirus. This review focuses on total advancements in biomedical applications of CAGE. This biocompatible IL/DES has made facile the solubilization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and delivery of intractable drugs through physiological barriers by stabilizing proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore, it has been used as a transdermal, subcutaneous, and oral delivery carrier and as an antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases and wounds as approved by laboratory and clinical translations. Moreover, current challenges and future outlooks are also highlighted to explore them more purposefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mubeshar Riaz
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Maida Akhlaq
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sadia Naz
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|