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Flach M, Hirsch K, Gitzinger T, Timm M, da Silva Santos M, Ablyasova OS, Kubin M, von Issendorff B, Lau JT, Zamudio-Bayer V. Abrupt Change from Ionic to Covalent Bonding in Nickel Halides Accompanied by Ligand Field Inversion. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11812-11820. [PMID: 38857413 PMCID: PMC11200264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The electronic configuration of transition metal centers and their ligands is crucial for redox reactions in metal catalysis and electrochemistry. We characterize the electronic structure of gas-phase nickel monohalide cations via nickel L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Comparison with multiplet charge-transfer simulations and experimental spectra of selectively prepared nickel monocations in both ground- and excited-state configurations are used to facilitate our analysis. Only for [NiF]+ with an assigned ground state of 3Π can the bonding be described as predominantly ionic, while the heavier halides with assigned ground states of 3Π or 3Δ exhibit a predominantly covalent contribution. The increase in covalency is accompanied by a transition from a classical ligand field for [NiF]+ to an inverted ligand field for [NiCl]+, [NiBr]+, and [NiI]+, resulting in a leading 3d9 L̲ configuration with a ligand hole (L̲) and a 3d occupation indicative of nickel(I) compounds. Hence, the absence of a ligand hole in [NiF]+ precludes any ligand-based redox reactions. Additionally, we demonstrate that the shift in energy of the L3 resonance is reduced compared to that of isolated atoms upon the formation of covalent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Flach
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Tim Gitzinger
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Mayara da Silva Santos
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Olesya S. Ablyasova
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Markus Kubin
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - J. Tobias Lau
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
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Haitjema J, Castellanos S, Lugier O, Bespalov I, Lindblad R, Timm M, Bülow C, Zamudio-Bayer V, Lau JT, von Issendorff B, Hoekstra R, Witte K, Watts B, Schlathölter T, Brouwer AM. Soft X-ray absorption and fragmentation of tin-oxo cage photoresists. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5986-5998. [PMID: 38293812 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05428d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
"Tin-oxo cage" organometallic compounds are considered as photoresists for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photolithography. To gain insight into their electronic structure and reactivity to ionizing radiation, we trapped bare gas-phase n-butyltin-oxo cage dications [(BuSn)12O14(OH)6]2+ in an ion trap and investigated their fragmentation upon soft X-ray photoabsorption by means of mass spectrometry. In complementary experiments, the tin-oxo cages with hydroxide and trifluoroacetate counter-anions were cast in thin films and studied using X-ray transmission spectroscopy. Quantum-chemical calculations were used to interpret the observed spectra. At the carbon K-edge, a distinct pre-edge absorption band can be attributed to transitions in which electrons are promoted from C1s orbitals to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, which are delocalized orbitals with strong antibonding (Sn-C σ*) character. At higher energies, the most prominent resonant transitions involve C-C and C-H σ* valence states and Rydberg (3s and 3p) states. In the solid state, the onset of continuum ionization is shifted by ∼5 eV to lower energy with respect to the gas phase, due to the electrostatic effect of the counterions. The O K-edge also shows a pre-edge absorption, but it is devoid of any specific features, because there are many transitions from the different O1s orbitals to a large number of vacant orbitals. In the gas phase, formation of the parent [(BuSn)12O14(OH)6]3+ radical ion is not observed at the C K-edge nor at the O K-edge, because the loss of a butyl group from this species is very efficient. We do observe a number of triply charged photofragment ions, some of which have lost up to 5 butyl groups. Structures of these species are proposed based on quantum-chemical calculations, and pathways of formation are discussed. Our results provide insight into the electronic structure of alkyltin-oxo cages, which is a prerequisite for understanding their response to EUV photons and their performance as EUV photoresists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarich Haitjema
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P.O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sonia Castellanos
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P.O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Olivier Lugier
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P.O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Bespalov
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P.O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Bülow
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ronnie Hoekstra
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P.O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- University College Groningen, University of Groningen, Hoendiepskade 23/24, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P.O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ablyasova OS, Zamudio-Bayer V, Flach M, da Silva Santos M, Lau JT, Hirsch K. Direct spectroscopic evidence for the high-spin state of dioxidomanganese(V). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5830-5835. [PMID: 38305255 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The spin state of metal centers in many catalytic reactions has been demonstrated to be a rate limiting factor when high-valent metal centers such as manganese are involved. Although numerous manganese(V) complexes, including a few manganese(V) oxo complexes, have been identified, thus far only one of these, [MnVH3 buea(O)], has been directly confirmed to exist in a high spin state. Such a high-spin manganese(V) center may play a crucial role in the dioxygen formation process in the elusive S4 state of the Kok cycle in photosystem II. In this study, we provide direct experimental evidence, using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), of gas phase [OMnO]+ as the second known high-spin manganese(V) oxo complex. We conclusively assign the ground state as 3B1 (C2v). Additionally, we provide fingerprint spectra not only for [OMnV O]+, but also for the high-spin hydroxidooxidomanganese(IV) ion [OMnIV OH]+ in its 4A'' (Cs) ground state that is expected to exhibit similar XAS and XMCD spectral signatures to neutral dioxidomanganese(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya S Ablyasova
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany.
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - Max Flach
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany.
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Mayara da Silva Santos
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany.
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany.
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany.
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4
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da Silva Santos M, Medel R, Flach M, Ablyasova OS, Timm M, von Issendorff B, Hirsch K, Zamudio-Bayer V, Riedel S, Lau JT. Exposing the Oxygen-Centered Radical Character of the Tetraoxido Ruthenium(VIII) Cation [RuO 4 ] . Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300390. [PMID: 37589334 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The tetraoxido ruthenium(VIII) radical cation, [RuO4 ]+ , should be a strong oxidizing agent, but has been difficult to produce and investigate so far. In our X-ray absorption spectroscopy study, in combination with quantum-chemical calculations, we show that [RuO4 ]+ , produced via oxidation of ruthenium cations by ozone in the gas phase, forms the oxygen-centered radical ground state. The oxygen-centered radical character of [RuO4 ]+ is identified by the chemical shift at the ruthenium M3 edge, indicative of ruthenium(VIII), and by the presence of a characteristic low-energy transition at the oxygen K edge, involving an oxygen-centered singly-occupied molecular orbital, which is suppressed when the oxygen-centered radical is quenched by hydrogenation of [RuO4 ]+ to the closed-shell [RuO4 H]+ ion. Hydrogen-atom abstraction from methane is calculated to be only slightly less exothermic for [RuO4 ]+ than for [OsO4 ]+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara da Silva Santos
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Medel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Flach
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olesya S Ablyasova
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Ablyasova O, Guo M, Zamudio-Bayer V, Kubin M, Gitzinger T, da Silva Santos M, Flach M, Timm M, Lundberg M, Lau JT, Hirsch K. Electronic Structure of the Complete Series of Gas-Phase Manganese Acetylacetonates by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7121-7131. [PMID: 37590497 PMCID: PMC10476195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal centers in transition metal-ligand complexes occur in a variety of oxidation states causing their redox activity and therefore making them relevant for applications in physics and chemistry. The electronic state of these complexes can be studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which is, however, due to the complex spectral signature not always straightforward. Here, we study the electronic structure of gas-phase cationic manganese acetylacetonate complexes Mn(acac)1-3+ using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the metal center and ligand constituents. The spectra are well reproduced by multiconfigurational wave function theory, time-dependent density functional theory as well as parameterized crystal field and charge transfer multiplet simulations. This enables us to get detailed insights into the electronic structure of ground-state Mn(acac)1-3+ and extract empirical parameters such as crystal field strength and exchange coupling from X-ray excitation at both the metal and ligand sites. By comparison to X-ray absorption spectra of neutral, solvated Mn(acac)2,3 complexes, we also show that the effect of coordination on the L3 excitation energy, routinely used to identify oxidation states, can contribute about 40-50% to the observed shift, which for the current study is 1.9 eV per oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya
S. Ablyasova
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- SSRL,
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kubin
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Gitzinger
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mayara da Silva Santos
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Flach
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Tobias Lau
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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