Noble metal-free bis-tridentate benzimidazole zinc(II) and iron(II) complexes for selective CO2 photoreduction

Manipulating the Coordination Structure of Molecular Cobalt Sites in Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica for CO2 Photoreduction

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction, including reaction rate, product selectivity, and longevity, is highly sensitive to the coordination structure of the catalytic active sites, and the precise design of the active site remains a challenge in heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we report on the modulation of the coordination structure of MN x -type active sites (M = Co or Ni; x = 4 or 5) anchored on a periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) support to improve photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The PMO was functionalized with pendant 3,6-di(2'-pyridyl)pyridazine (dppz) groups to allow immobilization of molecular Co and Ni complexes with polypyridine ligands. A comparative analysis of CO2 photoreduction in the presence of an organic photosensitizer (4CzIPN, 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene) and a conventional [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 sensitizer revealed strong influence of the coordination environment on the catalytic performance. CoN5-PMO demonstrated a superior CO2 photoreduction activity than the other materials and displayed a cobalt-based turnover number (TONCO) of 92 for CO evolution at ∼75% selectivity after 3 h irradiation in the presence of 4CzIPN. The hybrid CoN5-PMO catalyst exhibited better activity than its homogeneous [CoN5] counterpart, indicating that the heterogenization promotes the formation of isolated active sites with improved longevity and faster catalytic rate.

Electronic Effect Promoted Visible-Light-Driven CO2-to-CO Conversion in a Water-Containing System

The design of unsaturated nonprecious metal complexes with high catalytic performance for photochemical CO2 reduction is still an important challenge. In this paper, four coordinatively unsaturated Co-salen complexes 1-4 were explored in situ using o-phenylenediamine derivatives and 5-methylsalicylaldehyde as precursors of the ligands in 1-4. It was found that complex 4, bearing a nitro substituent (-NO2) on the aromatic ring of the salen ligand, exhibits the highest photochemical performance for visible-light-driven CO2-to-CO conversion in a water-containing system, with TONCO and CO selectivity values of 5300 and 96%, respectively. DFT calculations and experimental results revealed that the promoted photocatalytic activity of 4 is ascribed to the electron-withdrawing effect of the nitro group in 4 compared to 1-3 (with -CH3, -F, and -H groups, respectively), resulting in a lower reduction potential of active metal centers CoII and lower barriers for CO2 coordination and C-O cleavage steps for 4 than those for catalysts 1-3.

Interfacial Self-Assembly of Organized Ultrathin Films of Tripodal Metal-Terpyridyl Coordination Polymers as Luminophores and Heterogeneous Catalysts for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Metal-directed interfacial self-assembly of well-defined coordination polymer (CP) ultrathin films can control the metal complex arrangement and distribution at the molecular level, providing a convenient route for the design and fabrication of novel opto-electrical devices and heterogeneous catalysts. Here, we report the assembly of two series of CP multilayers with the transition-metal ions of Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Tb³⁺ as connectors and tripodal terpyridyl ligands of 4,4',4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(1-(4-([2,2':6',2″-terpyridin]-4'-yl)benzyl)pyridin-1-ium) (TerPyTa) and 4,4',4″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(1-(4-([2,2':6',2″-terpyridin]-4'-yl)benzyl)pyridin-1-ium) (TerPyBen) as linkers at the air-water interface. The as-prepared Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films display strong luminescence, with the emission wavelength and relative intensity dependent on both the metal ions and linkers; among them, the Zn-TerPyTa and Zn-TerPyBen CPs give off the strongest luminescent emission centered at about 370 nm with an emission lifetime of approximately 0.2-0.3 ns. The Tb-TerPyTa CPs can give off emission at approximately 490, 546, 586, and 622 nm, attributed to the ⁵D₄ to ⁷F_3-6 electron transitions of typical Tb³⁺ ions. Finally, these CP LB films can act as efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction to selectively produce CO. The catalytic efficiency can be optimized by adjusting the experimental conditions (light sensitizer, electron donor, and water content) and CP composition (metal ion and ligand) with an excellent yield of up to 248.1 mmol g^-1. In particular, it is revealed that, under the same conditions, the catalytic efficiency of the Fe-TerPyTa CP LB film is nearly 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the other metalated complexes investigated in the homogeneous system. UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrated that the dual active sites of Fe-terpyridine and TerPyTa units contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity. This work provides an effective method to introduce the earth-abundant metal complexes into CP films to construct efficient noble-metal-free photocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction.