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Coloma I, Parrón-Ballesteros J, Cortijo M, Cuerva C, Turnay J, Herrero S. Overcoming Resistance of Caco-2 Cells to 5-Fluorouracil through Diruthenium Complex Encapsulation in PMMA Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12870-12879. [PMID: 38833385 PMCID: PMC11256753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance, one of the main drawbacks in cancer chemotherapy, can be tackled by employing a combination of drugs that target different biological processes in the cell, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new paddlewheel diruthenium complex that includes 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a commonly used anticancer drug. This drug was functionalized with a carboxylate group to take advantage of the previously demonstrated release capacity of carboxylate ligands from the diruthenium core. The resulting hydrophobic complex, [Ru2Cl(DPhF)3(5-FUA)] (Ru-5-FUA) (DPhF = N,N'-diphenylformamidinate; 5-FUA = 5-fluorouracil-1-acetate) was subsequently entrapped in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (PMMA@Ru-5-FUA) via a reprecipitation method to be transported in biological media. The optimized encapsulation procedure yielded particles with an average size of 81.2 nm, a PDI of 0.11, and a zeta potential of 29.2 mV. The cytotoxicity of the particles was tested in vitro using the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2. The IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of PMMA@Ru-5-FUA (6.08 μM) was just slightly lower than that found for the drug 5-FU (7.64 μM). Most importantly, while cells seemed to have developed drug resistance against 5-FU, PMMA@Ru-5-FUA showed an almost complete lethality at ∼30 μM. Conversely, an analogous diruthenium complex devoid of the 5-FU moiety, [Ru2Cl(DPhF)3(O2CCH3)] (PMMA@RuA), displayed a reduced cytotoxicity at equivalent concentrations. These findings highlight the effect of combining the anticancer properties of 5-FU with those of diruthenium species. This suggests that the distinct modes of action of the two chemical species are crucial for overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coloma
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Parrón-Ballesteros
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Cortijo
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristián Cuerva
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Turnay
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Herrero
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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2
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La Manna S, Panzetta V, Di Natale C, Cipollone I, Monti M, Netti PA, Terán A, Sánchez-Peláez AE, Herrero S, Merlino A, Marasco D. Comparative Analysis of the Inhibitory Mechanism of Aβ 1-42 Aggregation by Diruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10001-10010. [PMID: 38742626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the search for metal-based therapeutics for protein misfolding disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A novel and largely unexplored class of metallodrugs is constituted by paddlewheel diruthenium complexes, which exhibit unusual water solubility and stability and unique coordination modes to proteins. Here, we investigate the ability of the complexes [Ru2Cl(DPhF)(O2CCH3)3]·H2O (1), [Ru2Cl(DPhF)2(O2CCH3)2]·H2O (2), and K2[Ru2(DPhF)(CO3)3]·3H2O (3) (DPhF- = N,N'-diphenylformamidinate) to interfere with the amyloid aggregation of the Aβ1-42 peptide. These compounds differ in charge and steric hindrance due to the coordination of a different number of bulky ligands. The mechanisms of action of the three complexes were studied by employing a plethora of physicochemical and biophysical techniques as well as cellular assays. All these studies converge on different mechanisms of inhibition of amyloid fibrillation: complexes 1 and 2 show a clear inhibitory effect due to an exchange ligand process in the Ru2 unit aided by aromatic interactions. Complex 3 shows no inhibition of aggregation, probably due to its negative charge in solution. This study demonstrates that slight variations in the ligands surrounding the bimetallic core can modulate the amyloid aggregation inhibition and supports the use of paddlewheel diruthenium complexes as promising therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Irene Cipollone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80126, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate "Franco Salvatore" S.c.a r.l., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80126, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate "Franco Salvatore" S.c.a r.l., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Aarón Terán
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- MUSICHEM Research Group, Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Ana E Sánchez-Peláez
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Santiago Herrero
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80131, Italy
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3
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La Manna S, Di Natale C, Panzetta V, Leone M, Mercurio FA, Cipollone I, Monti M, Netti PA, Ferraro G, Terán A, Sánchez-Peláez AE, Herrero S, Merlino A, Marasco D. A Diruthenium Metallodrug as a Potent Inhibitor of Amyloid-β Aggregation: Synergism of Mechanisms of Action. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:564-575. [PMID: 38117944 PMCID: PMC10777406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of paddlewheel diruthenium compounds are highly dependent on the nature of the ligands surrounding the bimetallic core. Herein, we compare the ability of two diruthenium compounds, [Ru2Cl(D-p-FPhF)(O2CCH3)3]·H2O (1) (D-p-FPhF- = N,N'-bis(4-fluorophenyl)formamidinate) and K3[Ru2(O2CO)4]·3H2O (2), to act as inhibitors of amyloid aggregation of the Aβ1-42 peptide and its peculiar fragments, Aβ1-16 and Aβ21-40. A wide range of biophysical techniques has been used to determine the inhibition capacity against aggregation and the possible mechanism of action of these compounds (Thioflavin T fluorescence and autofluorescence assays, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and electron scanning microscopy). Data show that the most effective inhibitory effect is shown for compound 1. This compound inhibits fiber formation and completely abolishes the cytotoxicity of Aβ1-42. The antiaggregatory capacity of this complex can be explained by a binding mechanism of the dimetallic units to the peptide chain along with π-π interactions between the formamidinate ligand and the aromatic side chains. The results suggest the potential use of paddlewheel diruthenium complexes as neurodrugs and confirm the importance of the steric and charge effects on the properties of diruthenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara La Manna
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Department
of Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Department
of Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary
Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute
of Biostructures and Bioimaging - CNR, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Irene Cipollone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
“Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE
Biotecnologie
Avanzate “Franco Salvatore” S.c.a r.l., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
“Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE
Biotecnologie
Avanzate “Franco Salvatore” S.c.a r.l., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Department
of Chemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary
Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
“Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Aarón Terán
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical
Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana E. Sánchez-Peláez
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical
Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Herrero
- MatMoPol
Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical
Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
“Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico
II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute
of Biostructures and Bioimaging - CNR, 80145 Naples, Italy
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4
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Terán A, Ferraro G, Imbimbo P, Sánchez-Peláez AE, Monti DM, Herrero S, Merlino A. Steric hindrance and charge influence on the cytotoxic activity and protein binding properties of diruthenium complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126666. [PMID: 37660867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Paddlewheel diruthenium complexes are being used as metal-based drugs. It has been proposed that their charge and steric properties determine their selectivity towards proteins. Here, we explore these parameters using the first water-soluble diruthenium complex bearing two formamidinate ligands, [Ru2Cl(DPhF)2(O2CCH3)2], and two derivatives, [Ru2Cl(DPhF)(O2CCH3)3] and K2[Ru2(DPhF)(CO3)3] (DPhF- = N,N'-diphenylformamidinate), with one formamidinate. Their protein binding properties have been assessed employing hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). The results confirm the relationship between the type of interaction (coordinate/non-coordinate bonds) and the charge of diruthenium complexes. The crystallization medium is also a key factor. In all cases, diruthenium species maintain the M-M bond and produce stable adducts. The antiproliferative properties of these diruthenium complexes have been evaluated on an eukaryotic cell-based model. Our data show a correlation between the number of the formamidinate ligands and the anticancer activity of the diruthenium derivatives against human epithelial carcinoma cells. Increased cytotoxicity may be related to increased steric hindrance and Ru25+ core electronic density. However, the effect of increasing the lipophilicity of diruthenium species by introducing a second N,N'-diphenylformamidinate must be also considered. This work illustrates a systematic approach to shed light on the relevant properties of diruthenium compounds to design metal-based metallodrugs and diruthenium metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Terán
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Imbimbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ana E Sánchez-Peláez
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Santiago Herrero
- MatMoPol Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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5
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Terán A, Ferraro G, Sánchez-Peláez AE, Herrero S, Merlino A. Effect of Equatorial Ligand Substitution on the Reactivity with Proteins of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes: Structural Studies. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:670-674. [PMID: 36597851 PMCID: PMC9846696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The paddlewheel [Ru2Cl(O2CCH3)4] complex was previously reported to react with the model protein hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), forming adducts with two diruthenium moieties bound to Asp101 and Asp119 side chains upon the release of one acetate. To study the effect of the equatorial ligands on the reactivity with proteins of diruthenium compounds, X-ray structures of the adducts formed when HEWL reacts with [Ru2Cl(D-p-FPhF)(O2CCH3)3] [D-p-FPhF = N,N'-bis(4-fluorophenyl)formamidinate] under different conditions were solved. [Ru2Cl(D-p-FPhF)(O2CCH3)3] is bonded through their equatorial positions to the Asp side chains. Protein binding occurs cis or trans to D-p-FPhF. Lys or Arg side chains or even main-chain carbonyl groups can coordinate to the diruthenium core at the axial site. Data help to understand the reactivity of paddlewheel diruthenium complexes with proteins, providing useful information for the design of new artificial diruthenium-containing metalloenzymes with potential applications in the fields of catalysis, biomedicine, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Terán
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo via Cinthia 21, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Ana E. Sánchez-Peláez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Santiago Herrero
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain,
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo via Cinthia 21, Naples 80126, Italy,
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