1
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Gupta R, Negi A, Pal AK. A Bichromophoric Approach to Induce Luminescence - A Blend of Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400270. [PMID: 38742860 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Two homoleptic terpyridyl complexes of Ru(II), 1 and Fe(II), 2 were synthesized using a ligand L1 that contained a phenyl spacer between an anthracenyl (An) and a terpyridyl (tpy) moiety. An equilibrated-bichromophoric strategy was adopted to induce photoluminescence in 1 and 2. A glimpse into the excited state photophysical properties of 1 and 2 revealed that 1 exhibited NIR emission at ~700 nm with an excited state lifetime components of 1.33 and 6.52 ns. On the other hand, 2 was found to be non-luminescent. The origin of emission in case of 1 was attributed to the effect of phenyl spacer which rendered the 3An state to be nearly isoenergetic to the emissive 3MLCT state of 1 facilitating 3MLCT-3An equilibrium. This fact was supported by experimental (photocurrent generation) and theoretical (potential energy diagram) evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Anshul Negi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Amlan K Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir, 181221, India
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2
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Wu Q, Yuan C, Wang J, Li G, Zhu C, Li L, Wang Z, Lv Q, Mei W. Uridine-Modified Ruthenium(II) Complex as Lysosomal LIMP-2 Targeting Photodynamic Therapy Photosensitizer for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. JACS AU 2024; 4:1081-1096. [PMID: 38559730 PMCID: PMC10976599 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lysosome-targeted photodynamic therapy, which enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive tumor cell death, has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Herein, a uridine (dU)-modified Ru(II) complex (RdU) was synthesized by click chemistry. It was found that RdU exhibits impressive photo-induced inhibition against the growth of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in normoxic and hypoxic microenvironments through ROS production. It was further revealed that RdU induces ferroptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells under light irradiation (650 nm, 300 mW/cm2). Additional experiments showed that RdU binds to lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2), which was confirmed by the fact that RdU selectively localizes in the lysosomes of MDA-MB-231 cells and significantly augments the levels of LIMP-2. Molecular docking simulations and an isothermal titration calorimetry assay also showed that RdU has a high affinity to LIMP-2. Finally, in vivo studies in tumor-bearing (MDA-MB-231 cells) nude mice showed that RdU exerts promising photodynamic therapeutic effects on TNBC tumors. In summary, the uridine-modified Ru(II) complex has been developed as a potential LIMP-2 targeting agent for TNBC treatment through enhancing ROS production and promoting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute
of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong
Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 530316, China
| | - Chanling Yuan
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guohu Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunguang Zhu
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongtao Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingshuang Lv
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Molecular
Probe and Biomedicine Imaging, Guangdong
Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Peng Y, Da X, Zhou W, Xu Y, Liu X, Wang X, Zhou Q. A photo-degradable BODIPY-modified Ru(II) photosensitizer for safe and efficient PDT under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3579-3588. [PMID: 38314620 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is promising for cancer treatment but still suffers from some limitations. For instance, PDT based on 1O2 generation (in a type-II mechanism) is heavily dependent on high oxygen concentrations and will be significantly depressed in hypoxic tumors. In addition, the residual photosensitizers after PDT treatment may cause severe side-effects under light irradiation. To solve these problems, herein a BODIPY (boron dipyrromethene)-modified Ru(II) complex [Ru(dip)2(tpy-BODIPY)]2+ (complex 1, dip = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) was designed and synthesized. Complex 1 exhibited both high singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ = 0.7 in CH3CN) and excellent superoxide radical (O2˙-) generation, and thus demonstrated efficient PDT activity under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Moreover, complex 1 is photo-degradable in water, and greatly loses its ROS generation ability after PDT treatment. These novel properties of complex 1 make it promising for efficient PDT under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions with reduced side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuwen Da
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Wanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yunli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiulian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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4
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Bai Y, Aodeng G, Ga L, Hai W, Ai J. Research Progress of Metal Anticancer Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2750. [PMID: 38140091 PMCID: PMC10747151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments, including traditional chemotherapy, have failed to cure human malignancies. The main reasons for the failure of these treatments are the inevitable drug resistance and serious side effects. In clinical treatment, only 5 percent of the 50 percent of cancer patients who are able to receive conventional chemotherapy survive. Because of these factors, being able to develop a drug and treatment that can target only cancer cells without affecting normal cells remains a big challenge. Since the special properties of cisplatin in the treatment of malignant tumors were accidentally discovered in the last century, metal anticancer drugs have become a research hotspot. Metal anticancer drugs have unique pharmaceutical properties, such as ruthenium metal drugs with their high selectivity, low toxicity, easy absorption by tumor tissue, excretion, and so on. In recent years, efficient and low-toxicity metal antitumor complexes have been synthesized. In this paper, the scientific literature on platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), gold (Au), and other anticancer complexes was reviewed by referring to a large amount of relevant literature at home and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowudalu, Hohhot 010022, China; (Y.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Gerile Aodeng
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowudalu, Hohhot 010022, China; (Y.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Lu Ga
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinchuankaifaqu, Hohhot 010110, China;
| | - Wenfeng Hai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jun Ai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowudalu, Hohhot 010022, China; (Y.B.); (G.A.)
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Wang ZF, Huang XQ, Wu RC, Xiao Y, Zhang SH. Antitumor studies evaluation of triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes with 5,7-dihalo-substituted-8-quinolinoline targeting mitophagy pathways. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 248:112361. [PMID: 37659141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Both ruthenium-containing complexes and 8-quinolinoline compounds have emerged as a potential novel agent for malignant tumor therapy. Here, three triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes, [Ru(ZW1)(PPh3)2Cl2] (PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) (RuZ1), [Ru(ZW2)(PPh3)2Cl2] (RuZ2) and [Ru(ZW2)2(PPh3)Cl2]·CH2Cl2 (RuZ3) bearing 5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol (H-ZW1) and 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinaldine (H-ZW2), have been synthesized, characterized and tested for their anticancer potential. We showed that triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes RuZ1-RuZ3 impaired the cell viability of ovarian adenocarcinoma cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3/DDP (SKO3CR) and SK-OV-3 (SKO3) cancer cells with greater selectivity and specificity than cisplatin. In addition, RuZ1-RuZ3 show higher excellent cytotoxicity than cisplatin towards SKO3CR cells, with IC50 values of 9.66 ± 1.08, 4.05 ± 0.67 and 7.18 ± 0.40 μM, respectively, in which the SKO3CR cells was the most sensitive to RuZ1-RuZ3. Depending on the substituent type, the antiproliferative ability of RuZ1-RuZ3 followed the trend: -CH3 > -H. However, RuZ1-RuZ3 have no obvious toxicity to normal cell HL-7702. Besides, RuZ1 and RuZ2 could induce mitophagy related-apoptosis pathways through suppression of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), accumulation of [Ca2+] and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and regulation of LC3 II/LC3 I, Beclin-1, P62, FUNDC1, PINK1, Parkin, cleaved-caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c signaling pathway, and hindering the preparation of mitochondrial respiration complexes I and IV and ATP levels. Mechanistic study revealed that RuZ1 and RuZ2 induce apoptosis in SKO3CR cells via mitophagy related-apoptosis pathways induction and energy (ATP) generation disturbance. Taken together, the studied triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes RuZ1-RuZ3 are promising chemotherapeutic agents with high effectiveness and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Huang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Run-Chun Wu
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Shu-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, PR China.
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6
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Kessel D. Critical PDT Theory VII: The Saga of Ruthenium. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023:103615. [PMID: 37201769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies involving photosensitizing agents containing ruthenium (Ru) are interpreted as an indication that this approach might be useful for treatment of bladder cancer. The absorbance spectrum of such agents tends to be limited to wavelengths < 600 nm. While this can spare underlying tissues from photodamage, this will limit applications to instances where only a thin layer of malignant cells is present. Among the more potentially interesting results is a protocol that uses only Ru nanoparticles. Other issues in Ru-based photodynamic therapy are discussed including the limited absorbance spectrum, questions relating to methodology and a general lack of details concerning localization and death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University; Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
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7
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Yan X, Xue J, Wang Y. Synthesis and Theoretical and Photophysical Study on a Series of Neutral Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Donor-Metal-Accepter Configuration. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1476-1487. [PMID: 36657168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to construct a new type of ruthenium(II) terpyridine complexes with activated triplet metal-centered (3MC) states, as well as stabilized triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) states, conducive to fine emissive performances, Ru-1, Ru-2, Ru-3, and Ru-4 were synthesized. Compared with the [Ru(terpyridine)2]2+ prototype (0.25 ns), this series of ruthenium(II) terpyridine complexes exhibit lengthened excited state lifetime (43.3 ns for Ru-1, 52.7 ns for Ru-2, 43.6 ns for Ru-3, and 53.4 ns for Ru-4). Interfragment charge transfer analysis illustrates the electron transfer direction of the four complexes, manifesting their intramolecular charge transfer characteristic. When excited, their lowest-lying triplet states are assigned as 3MLCT based on spin-density surface distribution. The singlet excited states and 3MLCT states were thoroughly studied by UV-visual absorption and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectra, respectively. Photoluminescence spectra revealed their weak broadband near-infrared emission at room temperature and red phosphorescence at 77 K. The low molecular weight and the good thermal stability make Ru-1 and Ru-2 suitable for vaporization coating, while the fine solubility in common organic solvents makes Ru-3 and Ru-4 suitable for solution processing. Furthermore, the intrinsic electroneutrality and favorable energy levels endow them with new potential to be applied in the optoelectronic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianju Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Jihua Hengye Electronic Materials CO. LTD. Foshan, Guangdong Province 528200, P. R. China
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