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Nguyen TT, Nguyen Thi Kieu D, Bui HV, Le Thi Ngoc L, Nguyen VH. Enhancing control in spatial atomic layer deposition: insights into precursor diffusion, geometric parameters, and CVD mitigation strategies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:205601. [PMID: 38350118 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad28d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, spatial atomic layer deposition (SALD) has gained significant attention for its remarkable capability to accelerate ALD growth by several orders of magnitude compared to conventional ALD, all while operating at atmospheric pressure. Nevertheless, the persistent challenge of inadvertent contributions from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in SALD processes continues to impede control over film homogeneity, and properties. This research underscores the often-overlooked influence of diffusion coefficients and important geometric parameters on the close-proximity SALD growth patterns. We introduce comprehensive physical models complemented by finite element method simulations for fluid dynamics to elucidate SALD growth kinetics across diverse scenarios. Our experimental findings, in alignment with theoretical models, reveal distinctive growth rate trends in ZnO and SnO2films as a function of the deposition gap. These trends are ascribed to precursor diffusion effects within the SALD system. Notably, a reduced deposition gap proves advantageous for both diffusive and low-volatility bulky precursors, minimizing CVD contributions while enhancing precursor chemisorption kinetics. However, in cases involving highly diffusive precursors, a deposition gap of less than 100μm becomes imperative, posing technical challenges for large-scale applications. This can be ameliorated by strategically adjusting the separation distance between reactive gas outlets to mitigate CVD contributions, which in turn leads to a longer deposition time. Furthermore, we discuss the consequential impact on material properties and propose a strategy to optimize the injection head to control the ALD/CVD growth mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Diem Nguyen Thi Kieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, 170 An Duong Vuong, Quy Nhon, 590000, Vietnam
| | - Hao Van Bui
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Loan Le Thi Ngoc
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, 170 An Duong Vuong, Quy Nhon, 590000, Vietnam
| | - Viet Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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Khan A, Faceira B, Bardet L, Sanchez-Velasquez C, Nayak SS, Jiménez C, Muñoz-Rojas D, Rougier A, Bellet D. Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes for V 2O 5 Thin Films with Electrochromic Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10439-10449. [PMID: 38380672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of electrochromic systems, known for the modulation of their optical properties under an applied voltage, depends on the replacement of the state-of-the-art ITO (In2O3:Sn) transparent electrode (TE) as well as the improvement of electrochromic films. This study presents an innovative ITO-free electrochromic film architecture utilizing oxide-coated silver nanowire (AgNW) networks as a TE and V2O5 as an electrochromic oxide layer. The TE was prepared by simple spray deposition of AgNWs that allowed for tuning different densities of the network and hence the resistance and transparency of the film. The conformal oxide coating (SnO2 or ZnO) on AgNWs was deposited by atmospheric-pressure spatial atomic layer deposition, an open-air fast and scalable process yielding a highly stable electrode. V2O5 thin films were then deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on the AgNW-based TE. Independent of the oxide's nature, a 20 nm protective layer thickness was insufficient to prevent the deterioration of the AgNW network during V2O5 deposition. On the contrary, crystalline V2O5 films were grown on 30 nm thick ZnO or SnO2-coated AgNWs, exhibiting a typical orange color. Electrochromic characterization demonstrated that only V2O5 films deposited on 30 nm thick SnO2-coated AgNW showed characteristic oxidation-reduction peaks in the Li+-based liquid electrolyte associated with a reversible orange-to-blue color switch for at least 500 cycles. The electrochromic key properties of AgNW/SnO2 (30 nm)/V2O5 films are discussed in terms of structural and morphological changes due to the AgNW network and the nature and thickness of the two protective oxide coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Khan
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Brandon Faceira
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Laetitia Bardet
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Suraj S Nayak
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aline Rougier
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Bellet
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Bardet L, Roussel H, Saroglia S, Akbari M, Muñoz-Rojas D, Jiménez C, Denneulin A, Bellet D. Exploring the degradation of silver nanowire networks under thermal stress by coupling in situ X-ray diffraction and electrical resistance measurements. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:564-579. [PMID: 38099744 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The thermal instability of silver nanowires (AgNWs) leads to a significant increase of the electrical resistance of AgNW networks. A better understanding of the relationship between the structural and electrical properties of AgNW networks is primordial for their efficient integration as transparent electrodes (TEs) for next-generation flexible optoelectronics. Herein, we investigate the in situ evolution of the main crystallographic parameters (i.e. integrated intensity, interplanar spacing and peak broadening) of two Ag-specific Bragg peaks, (111) and (200), during a thermal ramp up to 400 °C through in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, coupled with in situ electrical resistance measurements on the same AgNW network. First, we assign the (111) and (200) peaks of χ-scans to each five crystallites within AgNWs using a rotation matrix model. Then, we show that the thermal transition of bare AgNW networks occurs within a temperature range of about 25 °C for the electrical properties, while the structural transition spans over 200 °C. The effect of a protective tin oxide coating (SnO2) on AgNW networks is also investigated through this original in situ coupling approach. For SnO2-coated AgNW networks, the key XRD signatures from AgNWs remain constant, since the SnO2 coating prevents Ag atomic surface diffusion, and thus morphological instability (i.e. spheroidization). Moreover, the SnO2 coating does not affect the strain of both (111) and (200) planes. The thermal expansion for bare and SnO2-coated AgNW networks appears very similar to the thermal expansion of bulk Ag. Our findings provide insights into the underlying failure mechanisms of AgNW networks subjected to thermal stress, helping researchers to develop more robust and durable TEs based on metallic nanowire networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bardet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Roussel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stefano Saroglia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Aurore Denneulin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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Liu P, Sivakov V. Tin/Tin Oxide Nanostructures: Formation, Application, and Atomic and Electronic Structure Peculiarities. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2391. [PMID: 37686899 PMCID: PMC10490065 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
For a very long period, tin was considered one of the most important metals for humans due to its easy access in nature and abundance of sources. In the past, tin was mainly used to make various utensils and weapons. Today, nanostructured tin and especially its oxide materials have been found to possess many characteristic physical and chemical properties that allow their use as functional materials in various fields such as energy storage, photocatalytic process, gas sensors, and solar cells. This review discusses current methods for the synthesis of Sn/SnO2 composite materials in form of powder or thin film, as well as the application of the most advanced characterization tools based on large-scale synchrotron radiation facilities to study their chemical composition and electronic features. In addition, the applications of Sn/SnO2 composites in various fields are presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poting Liu
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vladimir Sivakov
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany;
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Chen M, Nijboer MP, Kovalgin AY, Nijmeijer A, Roozeboom F, Luiten-Olieman MWJ. Atmospheric-pressure atomic layer deposition: recent applications and new emerging applications in high-porosity/3D materials. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37376785 PMCID: PMC10392469 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a widely recognized technique for depositing ultrathin conformal films with excellent thickness control at Ångström or (sub)monolayer level. Atmospheric-pressure ALD is an upcoming ALD process with a potentially lower ownership cost of the reactor. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent applications and development of ALD approaches emphasizing those based on operation at atmospheric pressure. Each application determines its own specific reactor design. Spatial ALD (s-ALD) has been recently introduced for the commercial production of large-area 2D displays, the surface passivation and encapsulation of solar cells and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. Atmospheric temporal ALD (t-ALD) has opened up new emerging applications such as high-porosity particle coatings, functionalization of capillary columns for gas chromatography, and membrane modification in water treatment and gas purification. The challenges and opportunities for highly conformal coating on porous substrates by atmospheric ALD have been identified. We discuss in particular the pros and cons of both s-ALD and t-ALD in combination with their reactor designs in relation to the coating of 3D and high-porosity materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M P Nijboer
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A Y Kovalgin
- Integrated Devices and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Nijmeijer
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - F Roozeboom
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M W J Luiten-Olieman
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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