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Chao M, Zhang H, Hu Q, Ma S, Cui X, Yu X. AIE-based fluorescent probe designed with xanthone as a π-bridge for detecting of ClO - in pericarp and living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 324:124984. [PMID: 39154404 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The role of ClO- in the physiological functioning of organisms is significant. In this paper, the four fluorescent probes HONx (HON1, HON2, HON3 and HON4) were prepared based on oxyanthracene through the introduction of different substituents, and their photophysical properties were investigated, among which the AIE effect of HON1 was the most significant, and therefore the fluorescent "turn-off" ClO- probe HON1-CN was chosen to be prepared by constructing the ClO- recognition site hydrazone bond at HON1. The ClO- recognises the hydrazone group in the probe HON1-CN, and when the hydrazone bond is broken, the aldehyde group is released, generating HON1 with yellow fluorescence. The probe HON1-CN is highly selective and stable for the detection of ClO- with a detection limit of 0.48 μM and a more than 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity when the fluorescence is 'switched on', and to a lesser extent, the probe is also very good for the detection of hypochlorite ClO- in the pericarp. Finally, HON1-CN has also been used to detect the presence of ClO- in HeLa cells and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Chao
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China; Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China.
| | - Qingfei Hu
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
| | - Shanghong Ma
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
| | - Xiubin Cui
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
| | - Xin Yu
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
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Luo L, Yang Y, Chen S, Zhang P, Zeng R. A Photoelectrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid with a Phenothiazine-Based Photosensitizer. Molecules 2024; 29:614. [PMID: 38338358 PMCID: PMC10856318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a photoelectrochemical sensor for hypochlorous acid (HOCl) detection, employing a phenothiazine-based organic photosensitizer (Dye-PZ). The designed probe, Dye-PZ, follows a D-π-A structure with phenothiazine as the electron-donating group and a cyano-substituted pyridine unit as the electron-accepting group. A specific reaction of the phenothiazine sulfur atom with HOCl enables selective recognition. The covalent immobilization of Dye-PZ onto a titanium dioxide nanorod-coated fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode (FTO/TiO2) using bromo-silane coupling agent (BrPTMS) resulted in the fabrication of the photoanode FTO/TiO2/BrPTMS/Dye-PZ. The photoanode exhibited a significant photoresponse under visible-light irradiation, with a subsequent reduction in photocurrent upon reaction with HOCl. The oxidation of the phenothiazine sulfur atom to a sulfoxide diminished the internal charge transfer (ICT) effect. Leveraging this principle, the successful photoelectrochemical sensing of HOCl was achieved. The sensor showed high stability, excellent reproducibility, and selective sensitivity for HOCl detection. Our study provides a novel approach for the development of efficient photoelectrochemical sensors based on organic photosensitizers, with promising applications in water quality monitoring and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (Y.Y.); (P.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Sun J, Abdulahat M, Obolda A, Ma X, Hazretomar P, Ding Z, Wang J. A deep-red xanthene-based highly sensitive fluorescent probe for detection of hypochlorite. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4680. [PMID: 38286607 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
As an oxidant, deodorant and bleaching agent, the hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hypochlorite (ClO- ) are widely used in corrosion inhibitors, textile dyes, pharmaceutical intermediates and in our daily lives. However, excess usage or aberrant accumulation of ClO- leads to tissue damage or some diseases and even cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a fluorescent probe that specifically identifies ClO- . In this article, we synthesized a deep-red xanthene-based fluorescent probe (XA-CN). The strong electron deficient group dicyano endows the probe XA-CN deep-red fluorescent emission with high solubility, selectivity and sensitivity for ClO- detection. Studies showed that the probe demonstrated turn-off fluorescence (643 nm) at the presence of ClO- in dimethylsulfoxide/phosphate-buffered saline 1:1 (pH 9) solution with a limit of detection of 1.64 μM. Detection mechanism investigation revealed that the electron deficient group -CN and the hydroxyl group was oxidized into aldehyde or carbonyl groups at the presence of ClO- , resulting ultraviolet-visible absorption of the probe blue shifted and turned-off fluorescence. Furthermore, XA-CN was successfully used for the detection of ClO- in tap water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Mehrigul Abdulahat
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Ablikim Obolda
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Parida Hazretomar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoze Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, P. R. China
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Bhattacharyya N, Tang M, Blomdahl DC, Jahn LG, Abue P, Allen DT, Corsi RL, Novoselac A, Misztal PK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Bleach Emissions Interact Substantially with Surgical and KN95 Mask Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6589-6598. [PMID: 37061949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mask wearing and bleach disinfectants became commonplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bleach generates toxic species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl2), and chloramines. Their reaction with organic species can generate additional toxic compounds. To understand interactions between masks and bleach disinfection, bleach was injected into a ventilated chamber containing a manikin with a breathing system and wearing a surgical or KN95 mask. Concentrations inside the chamber and behind the mask were measured by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) and a Vocus proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (Vocus PTRMS). HOCl, Cl2, and chloramines were observed during disinfection and concentrations inside the chamber are 2-20 times greater than those behind the mask, driven by losses to the mask surface. After bleach injection, many species decay more slowly behind the mask by a factor of 0.5-0.7 as they desorb or form on the mask. Mass transfer modeling confirms the transition of the mask from a sink during disinfection to a source persisting >4 h after disinfection. Humidifying the mask increases reactive formation of chloramines, likely related to uptake of ammonia and HOCl. These experiments indicate that masks are a source of chemical exposure after cleaning events occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvan Bhattacharyya
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mengjia Tang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel C Blomdahl
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Leif G Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pearl Abue
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David T Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Richard L Corsi
- College of Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Boecker D, Zhang Z, Breves R, Herth F, Kramer A, Bulitta C. Antimicrobial efficacy, mode of action and in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for prevention or therapeutic support of infections. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2023; 18:Doc07. [PMID: 37034111 PMCID: PMC10073986 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the rapidly developing field of the current state of research on in vivo use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to aid infection prevention and control, including naso-pharyngeal, alveolar, topical, and systemic HOCl applications. Also, examples are provided of dedicated applications in COVID-19. A brief background of HOCl's biological and chemical specifics and its physiological role in the innate immune system is provided to understand the effect of in vivo applications in the context of the body's own physiological defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Boecker
- TOTO Consulting LLC, San Jose CA, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dirk Boecker, TOTO Consulting LLC, San Jose CA, USA, E-mail:
| | - Zhentian Zhang
- Institute for Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Felix Herth
- Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institut of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Bulitta
- Institut für Medizintechnik, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Amberg-Weiden, Amberg-Weiden, Germany
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