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Giorgi M, Masson K, Chentouf S, Commeiras L, Nava P, Chouraqui G. Template-Directed In Crystallo Photopolymerization of a Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropane: When Everything Falls into Place! J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17384-17392. [PMID: 38868986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A single-crystal-to-single-crystal solid-state reaction of vinylogous donor-acceptor cyclopropanes is documented. The enantiospecific synthesis of new products, distinct from those obtained in solution, is achieved for the target compounds. Photopolymerization occurred upon X-ray exposure to the crystals. Notably, in one case, this reactivity exhibits selectivity since an ordered arrangement of polymers and unreacted cocrystallized monomeric conformers has been observed. Structural characterization of the complete transformation monitored through single-crystal X-ray diffraction and supported by molecular dynamics simulations sheds light on the subtle role of crystal packing in the reaction process. Moreover, the X-ray diffraction (XRD)-resolved structure of a donor-acceptor cyclopropane intermediate reveals an elongation in bond length that corroborates the existence of the so-called "push-pull effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, FSCM, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Masson
- Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, ISM2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sara Chentouf
- Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, FSCM, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Commeiras
- Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, ISM2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, ISM2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Gaëlle Chouraqui
- Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, ISM2, 13397 Marseille, France
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Millward F, Zysman-Colman E. Mechanophotocatalysis: A Generalizable Approach to Solvent-minimized Photocatalytic Reactions for Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316169. [PMID: 38263796 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study cements the viability and generality of mechanophotocatalysis, merging mechanochemistry and photocatalysis to enable solvent-minimized photocatalytic reactions. We demonstrate the transmutation of four archetypal solution-state photocatalysis reactions to a solvent-minimized environment driven by the combined actions of milling, light, and photocatalysts. The chlorosulfonylation of alkenes and the pinacol coupling of aldehydes and ketones were conducted under solvent-free conditions with competitive or superior efficiencies to their solution-state analogues. Furthermore, decarboxylative alkylations are shown to function efficiently under solvent-minimized conditions, while the photoinduced energy transfer promoted [2+2] cycloaddition of chalcone experiences a significant initial rate enhancement over its solution-state variant. This work serves as a platform for future discoveries in an underexplored field: validating that solvent-minimized photocatalysis is not only generalizable and competitive with solution-state photocatalysis, but can also offer valuable advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Millward
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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Banerjee S, Hawthorne N, Batteas JD, Rappe AM. Two-Legged Molecular Walker and Curvature: Mechanochemical Ring Migration on Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38049385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Attaining controllable molecular motion at the nanoscale can be beneficial for multiple reasons, spanning from optoelectronics to catalysis. Here we study the movement of a two-legged molecular walker by modeling the migration of a phenyl aziridine ring on curved graphene. We find that directional ring migration can be attained on graphene in the cases of both 1D (wrinkled/rippled) and 2D (bubble-shaped) curvature. Using a descriptor approach based on graphene's frontier orbital orientation, we can understand the changes in binding energy of the ring as it translates across different sites with variable curvature and the kinetic barriers associated with ring migration. Additionally, we show that the extent of covalent bonding between graphene and the molecule at different sites directly controls the binding energy gradient, propelling molecular migration. Importantly, one can envision such walkers as carriers of charge and disruptors of local bonding. This study enables a new way to tune the electronic structure of two-dimensional materials for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Nathaniel Hawthorne
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - James D Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3127, United States
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Marchetti D, Pedrini A, Massera C, Faye Diouf MD, Jandl C, Steinfeld G, Gemmi M. 3D electron diffraction analysis of a novel, mechanochemically synthesized supramolecular organic framework based on tetrakis-4-(4-pyridyl)phenylmethane. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2023; 79:432-436. [PMID: 37811771 PMCID: PMC10833357 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520623007680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrakis-4-(4-pyridyl)phenylmethane (TPPM) is a tetrahedral rigid molecule that crystallizes forming a dynamically responsive supramolecular organic framework (SOF). When exposed to different stimuli, this supramolecular network can reversibly switch from an empty to a filled solvated solid phase. This article describes a novel expanded form of a TPPM-based SOF that has been mechanochemically synthesized and whose crystal structure has been determined by 3D electron diffraction analysis using a novel electron diffractometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| | - Chiara Massera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| | - Moussa Diame Faye Diouf
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Christian Jandl
- ELDICO Scientific AG, PARK INNOVAARE: deliveryLAB, Villigen, 5234, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Steinfeld
- ELDICO Scientific AG, PARK INNOVAARE: deliveryLAB, Villigen, 5234, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
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Zholdassov YS, Yuan L, Garcia SR, Kwok RW, Boscoboinik A, Valles DJ, Marianski M, Martini A, Carpick RW, Braunschweig AB. Acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions by mechanical distortion. Science 2023; 380:1053-1058. [PMID: 37289895 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Challenges in quantifying how force affects bond formation have hindered the widespread adoption of mechanochemistry. We used parallel tip-based methods to determine reaction rates, activation energies, and activation volumes of force-accelerated [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloadditions between surface-immobilized anthracene and four dienophiles that differ in electronic and steric demand. The rate dependences on pressure were unexpectedly strong, and substantial differences were observed between the dienophiles. Multiscale modeling demonstrated that in proximity to a surface, mechanochemical trajectories ensued that were distinct from those observed solvothermally or under hydrostatic pressure. These results provide a framework for anticipating how experimental geometry, molecular confinement, and directed force contribute to mechanochemical kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerzhan S Zholdassov
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sergio Romero Garcia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Ryan W Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandro Boscoboinik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Valles
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Ducker RE, Brügge OS, Meijer AJHM, Leggett GJ. Tribochemical nanolithography: selective mechanochemical removal of photocleavable nitrophenyl protecting groups with 23 nm resolution at speeds of up to 1 mm s -1. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1752-1761. [PMID: 36819865 PMCID: PMC9931061 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the mechanochemical regulation of a reaction that would otherwise be considered to be photochemical, via a simple process that yields nm spatial resolution. An atomic force microscope (AFM) probe is used to remove photocleavable nitrophenyl protecting groups from alkylsilane films at loads too small for mechanical wear, thus enabling nanoscale differentiation of chemical reactivity. Feature sizes of 20-50 nm are achieved repeatably and controllably at writing rates up to 1 mm s-1. Line widths vary monotonically with the load up to 2000 nN. To demonstrate the capacity for sophisticated surface functionalisation provided by this strategy, we show that functionalization of nanolines with nitrilo triacetic acid enables site-specific immobilization of histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the key energetic barrier in the photo-deprotection reaction of the nitrophenyl protecting group is excitation of a π-π* transition (3.1 eV) via an intramolecular charge-transfer mechanism. Under modest loading, compression of the adsorbate layer causes a decrease in the N-N separation, with the effect that this energy barrier can be reduced to as little as 1.2 eV. Thus, deprotection becomes possible via either absorption of visible photons or phononic excitation transfer, facilitating fast nanolithography with a very small feature size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Ducker
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffield S3 7HFUK
| | - Oscar Siles Brügge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffield S3 7HFUK
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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