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Caradonna E, Nemni R, Bifone A, Gandolfo P, Costantino L, Giordano L, Mormone E, Macula A, Cuomo M, Difruscolo R, Vanoli C, Vanoli E, Ferrara F. The Brain-Gut Axis, an Important Player in Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4130. [PMID: 39064171 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are severe age-related disorders with complex and multifactorial causes. Recent research suggests a critical link between neurodegeneration and the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain communication pathway. This review examines the role of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, in the development of AD and PD, and investigates its interaction with microRNAs (miRNAs) along this bidirectional pathway. TMAO, which is produced from dietary metabolites like choline and carnitine, has been linked to increased neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, and cognitive decline. In AD, elevated TMAO levels are associated with amyloid-beta and tau pathologies, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal death. TMAO can cross the blood-brain barrier and promote the aggregation of amyloid and tau proteins. Similarly, TMAO affects alpha-synuclein conformation and aggregation, a hallmark of PD. TMAO also activates pro-inflammatory pathways such as NF-kB signaling, exacerbating neuroinflammation further. Moreover, TMAO modulates the expression of various miRNAs that are involved in neurodegenerative processes. Thus, the gut microbiome-miRNA-brain axis represents a newly discovered mechanistic link between gut dysbiosis and neurodegeneration. MiRNAs regulate the key pathways involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death, contributing to disease progression. As a direct consequence, specific miRNA signatures may serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of AD and PD progression. This review aims to elucidate the complex interrelationships between the gut microbiota, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), microRNAs (miRNAs), and the central nervous system, and the implications of these connections in neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, an overview of the current neuroradiology techniques available for studying neuroinflammation and of the animal models used to investigate these intricate pathologies will also be provided. In summary, a bulk of evidence supports the concept that modulating the gut-brain communication pathway through dietary changes, the manipulation of the microbiome, and/or miRNA-based therapies may offer novel approaches for implementing the treatment of debilitating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Caradonna
- Integrated Laboratory Medicine Services, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- Unit of Neurology, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., Milan Fondazione Crespi Spano, 20011 Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Imaging Department, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gandolfo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Imaging Department, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucy Costantino
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giordano
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mormone
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Anna Macula
- Centro Ricerche Bracco, Bracco Imaging S.p.A., Colleretto Giacosa, 10010 Turin, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Cuomo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Imaging Department, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Camilla Vanoli
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Antioch University Los Angeles, Culver City, CA 90230, USA
| | - Emilio Vanoli
- School of Nursing, Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ferrara
- Integrated Laboratory Medicine Services, Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., 20011 Milan, Italy
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Amato B, Novellino E, Morlando D, Vanoli C, Vanoli E, Ferrara F, Difruscolo R, Goffredo VM, Compagna R, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Fordellone M, Caradonna E. Benefits of Taurisolo in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:174. [PMID: 38921674 PMCID: PMC11203668 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Trimethyl-N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to peripheral artery disease (PAD). TaurisoloⓇ is a natural, balanced phytocomplex containing resveratrol, quercetin, catechins, procianidins, gallic acid, and caffeic acid. Numerous studies have shown that TaurisoloⓇ reduces the damage of TMAO and exerts a protective effect on endothelial cells (ECs). The aim of this randomized, double-blind, single-center study was to evaluate the effects of TaurisoloⓇ on claudication in patients with PAD (Rutheford grade I, category II, Fontaine Classification: Stage IIA, American Medical Association Whole Person Impairment Classification: Class 0-WPI 0%) in two parallel groups of 31 patients. The primary outcomes were an increase in the pain-free walking distance and the ankle/brachial pressure index at the beginning and at the end of the treatment with Taurisolo. The secondary endpoint was the serum TMAO changes. The claudication distance improved by 14.1% in the Taurisolo group and by 2.0% in the placebo group, while the maximal distance increased by 15.8% and 0.6% only, respectively (both p < 0.05). The TMAO plasma levels decreased from 3.97 ± 2.13 micromole/L to 0.87 ± 0.48 (p < 0.0001) in the treated group. All these changes were highly significant both in univariate mixed models as well as in the adjusted model. Ultimately, TaurisoloⓇ might be an effective intervention to ameliorate intermittent claudication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amato
- Department of Public Health, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Morlando
- Department of Public Health, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Camilla Vanoli
- Clinical Psychology, Antioch University Los Angeles, Culver City, CA 90230, USA
| | - Emilio Vanoli
- School of Nursing, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Ferrara
- Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Department of Clinical Laboratory, 20100 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (E.C.)
| | - Rossana Difruscolo
- Biotecnologie Mediche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vito Maria Goffredo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Rita Compagna
- Vascular Surgery Unit AORN Ospedale dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Mario Fordellone
- Unità di Statistica Medica, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 81020 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Eugenio Caradonna
- Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Department of Clinical Laboratory, 20100 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (E.C.)
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Florea CM, Rosu R, Moldovan R, Vlase L, Toma V, Decea N, Baldea I, Filip GA. The impact of chronic Trimethylamine N-oxide administration on liver oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114429. [PMID: 38176578 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
TMAO, a gut microbiota derived byproduct, has been associated with various cardiometabolic diseases by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. The liver is the main organ for TMAO production and chronic exposure to high doses of TMAO could alter its function. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic exposure of high TMAO doses on liver oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. TMAO was administered daily via gastric gavage to laboratory rats for 3 months. Blood was drawn for the quantification of TMAO, and liver tissues were harvested for the assessment of oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, GSSG, GPx, CAT, and 8-oxo-dG) and inflammation by quantification of IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, NOS and COX-2 expression. The evaluation of fibrosis was made by Western blot analysis of α-SMA and Collagen-3 protein expression. Histological investigation and immunohistochemical staining of iNOS were performed in order to assess the liver damage. After 3 months of TMAO exposure, TMAO serum levels enhanced in parallel with increases in MDA and GSSG levels in liver tissue and lower values of GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio as well as a decrease in GPx and CAT activities. Inflammation was also highlighted, with enhanced iNOS, COX-2, and IL-10 expression, without structural changes and without induction of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Marius Florea
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Rosu
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Remus Moldovan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Experimental Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Research, branch of NIRDBS, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources "3B", Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Nicoleta Decea
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Baldea
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Liang Y, Wu F, Wu D, Zhu X, Gao X, Hu X, Xu F, Ma T, Zhao H, Cao W. Fu Loose Tea Administration Ameliorates Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice: A Comparison with Fu Brick Tea and Orlistat. Foods 2024; 13:206. [PMID: 38254507 PMCID: PMC10815023 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fu tea is receiving increasing attention for its specific aroma, flavor, and dramatic functional benefits. Herein, we explored the effects and underlying mechanisms of Fu loose tea (FLT), Fu brick tea (FBT), and diet pills (orlistat) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. The results indicated that FLT and FBT administration effectively inhibited weight gain, glucose metabolic dysregulation, fat accumulation in organs, hepatic and kidney injury, and oxidative stress induced by HFD. Additionally, FLT and FBT treatments improved the lipid profiles and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines by regulating the expression levels of lipid metabolism- and inflammation-related genes. Furthermore, FLT and FBT ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD-mice in a dose-dependent relationship by increasing the abundance of family Verrucomicrobiaceae and genus Akkermansia and Turicibacter and simultaneously reducing the abundance of family Erysipelotrichaceae and genus Bifidobacterium; in contrast, orlistat did not exert a regulatory effect on gut microbiota similar to FLT and FBT to improve HFD-induced obesity. KEGG analysis of gut microbiota annotation revealed that "metabolism" was the most enriched category. This study further provides a theoretical basis for FLT and FBT to be potential supplements to alleviate diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (F.W.); (F.X.); (T.M.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Fu Tea Processing and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xianyang 712044, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Fanhua Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (F.W.); (F.X.); (T.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Daying Wu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Wheat, Jinan 250100, China; (D.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Fu Tea Processing and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xianyang 712044, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Xianyang Jingwei Fu Tea Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712044, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Wheat, Jinan 250100, China; (D.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fu Tea Processing and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xianyang 712044, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Xianyang Jingwei Fu Tea Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712044, China
| | - Fangrui Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (F.W.); (F.X.); (T.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Tianchen Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (F.W.); (F.X.); (T.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haoan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (F.W.); (F.X.); (T.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wei Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (F.W.); (F.X.); (T.M.); (H.Z.)
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Hu Q, Zhang W, Wei F, Huang M, Shu M, Song D, Wen J, Wang J, Nian Q, Ma X, Zeng J, Zhao Y. Human diet-derived polyphenolic compounds and hepatic diseases: From therapeutic mechanisms to clinical utilization. Phytother Res 2024; 38:280-304. [PMID: 37871899 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the potential ameliorative effects of polyphenolic compounds derived from human diet on hepatic diseases. It discusses the molecular mechanisms and recent advancements in clinical applications. Edible polyphenols have been found to play a therapeutic role, particularly in liver injury, liver fibrosis, NAFLD/NASH, and HCC. In the regulation of liver injury, polyphenols exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, primarily targeting the TGF-β, NF-κB/TLR4, PI3K/AKT, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. In the regulation of liver fibrosis, polyphenolic compounds effectively reverse the fibrotic process by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Furthermore, polyphenolic compounds show efficacy against NAFLD/NASH by inhibiting lipid oxidation and accumulation, mediated through the AMPK, SIRT, and PPARγ pathways. Moreover, several polyphenolic compounds exhibit anti-HCC activity by suppressing tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. This inhibition primarily involves blocking Akt and Wnt signaling, as well as inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, clinical trials and nutritional evidence support the notion that certain polyphenols can improve liver disease and associated metabolic disorders. However, further fundamental research and clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy of dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Wei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meilan Huang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Nian
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cheng H, Zhang D, Wu J, Liu J, Zhou Y, Tan Y, Feng W, Peng C. Interactions between gut microbiota and polyphenols: A mechanistic and metabolomic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154979. [PMID: 37552899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenols are a class of naturally sourced compounds with widespread distribution and an extensive array of bioactivities. However, due to their complex constituents and weak absorption, a convincing explanation for their remarkable bioactivity remains elusive for a long time. In recent years, interaction with gut microbiota is hypothesized to be a reasonable explanation of the potential mechanisms for natural compounds especially polyphenols. OBJECTIVES This review aims to present a persuasive explanation for the contradiction between the limited bioavailability and the remarkable bioactivities of polyphenols by examining their interactions with gut microbiota. METHODS We assessed literatures published before April 10, 2023, from several databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords used include "polyphenols", "gut microbiota", "short-chain fatty acids", "bile acids", "trimethylamine N-oxide", "lipopolysaccharides" "tryptophan", "dopamine", "intestinal barrier", "central nervous system", "lung", "anthocyanin", "proanthocyanidin", "baicalein", "caffeic acid", "curcumin", "epigallocatechin-3-gallate", "ferulic acid", "genistein", "kaempferol", "luteolin", "myricetin", "naringenin", "procyanidins", "protocatechuic acid", "pterostilbene", "quercetin", "resveratrol", etc. RESULTS: The review first demonstrates that polyphenols significantly alter gut microbiota diversity (α- and β-diversity) and the abundance of specific microorganisms. Polyphenols either promote or inhibit microorganisms, with various factors influencing their effects, such as dosage, treatment duration, and chemical structure of polyphenols. Furthermore, the review reveals that polyphenols regulate several gut microbiota metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, dopamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Polyphenols affect these metabolites by altering gut microbiota composition, modifying microbial enzyme activity, and other potential mechanisms. The changed microbial metabolites induced by polyphenols subsequently trigger host responses in various ways, such as acting as intestinal acid-base homeostasis regulators and activating on specific target receptors. Additionally, polyphenols are transformed into microbial derivatives by gut microbiota and these polyphenols' microbial derivatives have many potential advantages (e.g., increased bioactivity, improved absorption). Lastly, the review shows polyphenols maintain intestinal barrier, central nervous system, and lung function homeostasis by regulating gut microbiota. CONCLUSION The interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota provides a credible explanation for the exceptional bioactivities of polyphenols. This review aids our understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind the bioactivity of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Yaochuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China; The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China; The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
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Zhu M, Dagah OMA, Silaa BB, Lu J. Thioredoxin/Glutaredoxin Systems and Gut Microbiota in NAFLD: Interplay, Mechanism, and Therapeutical Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1680. [PMID: 37759983 PMCID: PMC10525532 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common clinical disease, and its pathogenesis is closely linked to oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Recently accumulating evidence indicates that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems, the two thiol-redox dependent antioxidant systems, are the key players in the NAFLD's development and progression. However, the effects of gut microbiota dysbiosis on the liver thiol-redox systems are not well clarified. This review explores the role and mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by bacteria in NAFLD while emphasizing the crucial interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and Trx mediated-redox regulation. The paper explores how dysbiosis affects the production of specific gut microbiota metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amino acids, bile acid, and alcohol. These metabolites, in turn, significantly impact liver inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and cellular damage through thiol-dependent redox signaling. It suggests that comprehensive approaches targeting both gut microbiota dysbiosis and the thiol-redox antioxidant system are essential for effectively preventing and treating NAFLD. Overall, comprehending the intricate relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis and thiol-redox systems in NAFLD holds significant promise in enhancing patient outcomes and fostering the development of innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (M.Z.); (O.M.A.D.); (B.B.S.)
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