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Jiang M, Hu Z, Huang Y, Chen XD, Wu P. Impact of wall materials and DHA sources on the release, digestion and absorption of DHA microcapsules: Advancements, challenges and future directions. Food Res Int 2024; 191:114646. [PMID: 39059932 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid, offers significant health benefits but faces challenges such as distinct odor, oxidation susceptibility, and limited intestinal permeability, hindering its broad application. Microencapsulation, widely employed, enhances DHA performance by facilitating controlled release, digestion, and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Despite extensive studies on DHA microcapsules and related delivery systems, understanding the mechanisms governing encapsulated DHA release, digestion, and absorption, particularly regarding the influence of wall materials and DHA sources, remains limited. This review starts with an overview of current techniques commonly applied for DHA microencapsulation. It then proceeds to outline up-to-date advances in the release, digestion and absorption of DHA microcapsules, highlighting the roles of wall materials and DHA sources. Importantly, it proposes strategies for overcoming challenges and exploiting opportunities to enhance the bioavailability of DHA microcapsules. Notably, spray drying dominates DHA microencapsulation (over 90 % usage), while complex coacervation shows promise for future applications. The combination of proteins and carbohydrates or phospholipids as wall material exhibits potential in controlling release and digestion of DHA microcapsules. The source of DHA, particularly algal oil, demonstrates higher lipid digestibility and absorptivity of free fatty acids (FFAs) than fish oil. Future advancements in DHA microcapsule development include formulation redesign (e.g., using plant proteins as wall material and algal oil as DHA source), technique optimization (such as co-microencapsulation and pre-digestion), and creation of advanced in vitro systems for assessing DHA digestion and absorption kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai Jiang
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zejun Hu
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Xiao Dong Pro-health (Suzhou) Instrumentation Co Ltd, Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215152, China.
| | - Yixiao Huang
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Li W, Li H, Song J, Xing Y, Fang L, Wang X, Wu D, Min W. Mechanism of Intestinal Epithelial Absorption and Electrophysiological Regulation of the Shrimp Peptide QMDDQ. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:326-338. [PMID: 38155399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the absorption mechanism of the shrimp peptide QMDDQ in small intestines, explored its physiological function in inhibiting neuronal hyperactivity, and verified its entry into the brain in vivo to display functional activity. The everted rat sac model and a Caco-2 paracellular absorption monolayer model were used, indicating that QMDDQ has a good absorption capacity with an apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) > 1 × 10-6 cm/s and the absorption of QMDDQ was concentration-dependent. When the concentration of QMDDQ was 1 mM and the transport time was 180 min, the highest absorption concentration of QMDDQ was 41.17 ± 3.48 μM (P < 0.05). The myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)-specific inhibitor ML-7 and activator MPA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence results showed that QMDDQ absorption takes place by mediating the MLCK-p-MLCK-MLC signaling pathway, reversibly opening the zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin in tight junctions (TJs), upregulating claudin-2 expression, and reaching targets through blood to inhibit neuronal overactivity. Results of fluorescence imaging in vivo verified that QMDDQ could enter the brain 4 h after oral administration. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the mechanism of paracellular absorption of active peptides and a starting point for the development of functional foods for Alzheimer's disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Yihang Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P.R. China
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Feng H, Liu C, Liu Q, Wang J, Zeng Y, Sun Y, Zhang M, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu H. Study on the transport and internalisation mechanism of dietary supplement nattokinase in the small intestine using animal and Caco-2 cell monolayer models. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:670-680. [PMID: 37971898 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining proper blood flow is critical to promoting good health. Nattokinase is a serine protease from Bacillus subtilis that has significant in vitro thrombolytic activity, but its mechanism as a dietary supplement to prevent thrombosis through intestinal absorption and transport is still unclear.The purpose of this study is to study the transport and internalisation mechanism of NK in the small intestine using animal models and Caco-2 cell monolayer models.This study first evaluated the preventive effect of supplementing low dose (4000 FU (Fibrin Unit)/kg, n = 6), medium dose (8000 FU/kg, n = 6), and high dose (12000 FU/kg, n = 6) of nattokinase on carrageenan induced thrombosis in mice. Subsequently, we used the rat gut sac model, ligated intestinal loop model, and Caco-2 cell uptake model to study the intestinal transport mechanism of NK.Results indicate that NK is a moderately absorbed biomolecule whose transport through enterocytes is energy- and time-dependent. Chlorpromazine, nystatin and EIPA all inhibited the endocytosis of NK to varying degrees, indicating that the endocytosis of NK in Caco-2 cells involves macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated pathway. These findings offer a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanism of oral NK supplementation in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingyue Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhikui Liu
- Liaoning Huikang Testing and Evaluation Technology Co., Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
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