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Gupta L, Kumar P, Sen P, Sharma A, Kumar L, Sengupta A, Vijayaraghavan P. Integrating In-silico and In-vitro approaches to identify plant-derived bioactive molecules against spore coat protein CotH3 and high affinity iron permease FTR1 of Rhizopus oryzae. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100270. [PMID: 39280237 PMCID: PMC11401113 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus oryzae is one of the major causative agents of mucormycosis. The disease has a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate, and resistance towards current antifungal drugs poses additional concern. The disease treatment is complicated with antifungals; therefore, surgical approach is preferred in many cases. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenicity-associated virulence factors of R. oryzae is essential to develop new antifungals against this fungus. Virulence factors in R. oryzae include cell wall proteins, spore germination proteins and enzymes that evade host immunity. The spore coat protein (CotH3) and high-affinity iron permease (FTR1) have been identified as promising therapeutic targets in R. oryzae. In-silico screening is a preferred approach to identify hit molecules for further in-vitro studies. In the present study, twelve bioactive molecules were docked within the active site of CotH3 and FTR1. Further, molecular dynamics simulation analysis of best-docked protein-ligand structures revealed the dynamics information of their stability in the biological system. Eugenol and isoeugenol exhibited significant binding scores with both the protein targets of R. oryzae and followed the Lipinski rule of drug-likeness. To corroborate the in-silico results, in-vitro studies were conducted using bioactive compounds eugenol, isoeugenol, and myristicin against R. oryzae isolated from the soil sample. Eugenol, isoeugenol exhibited antifungal activity at 156 µg/mL whereas myristicin at 312 µg/mL. Hence, the study suggested that eugenol and isoeugenol could be explored further as potential antifungal molecules against R. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Sen
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aniket Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhao R, Zhu J, Jiang X, Bai R. Click chemistry-aided drug discovery: A retrospective and prospective outlook. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116037. [PMID: 38101038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as a valuable tool for rapid compound synthesis, presenting notable advantages and convenience in the exploration of potential drug candidates. In particular, in situ click chemistry capitalizes on enzymes as reaction templates, leveraging their favorable conformation to selectively link individual building blocks and generate novel hits. This review comprehensively outlines and introduces the extensive use of click chemistry in compound library construction, and hit and lead discovery, supported by specific research examples. Additionally, it discusses the limitations and precautions associated with the application of click chemistry in drug discovery. Our intention for this review is to contribute to the development of a modular synthetic approach for the rapid identification of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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Ullah A, Rohman N, Ardiansah B, Cahyana AH, Almehizia AA. A convenient method for the construction of triazole-bonded chalcone derivatives from acetophenone: Synthesis and free radical scavenging investigation. MethodsX 2023; 11:102322. [PMID: 37608958 PMCID: PMC10440577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The substituted 1,2,3-triazole core is prevalent in numerous commercially available drugs utilized for a wide range of clinical applications. Simultaneously, chalcone represents a privileged framework discovered in natural products exhibiting intriguing bioactivities. In this study, we synthesized triazole-bonded chalcone compounds (4ax-4by), starting from a simple aromatic ketone, acetophenone, which underwent aldol condensation to give hydroxychalcone intermediate. In the second step, the hydroxyl group of chalcone compound was adducted with propargyl moiety through propargylation reaction. Then, the propargylated products underwent smooth copper-mediated azide-alkyne cyclization to give the triazole-bonded chalcones as the final products. They were characterized by IR, NMR and HRMS, and evaluated their radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Among the tested products, compound 4by was denoted as the most potent derivative which can inhibit DPPH radical in 91.62 ± 0.10% at 500 ppm.•Acetophenone as a simple ketone was modified to triazole-bonded chalcones.•Modification was performed through three steps reaction.•Final products exhibited free radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Nur Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Ardiansah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Antonius Herry Cahyana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Khwaza V, Aderibigbe BA. Antifungal Activities of Natural Products and Their Hybrid Molecules. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2673. [PMID: 38140014 PMCID: PMC10747321 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing cases of drug resistance and high toxicity associated with the currently used antifungal agents are a worldwide public health concern. There is an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs with unique target mechanisms. Plant-based compounds, such as carvacrol, eugenol, coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, thymol, etc., have been explored for the development of promising antifungal agents due to their diverse biological activities, lack of toxicity, and availability. However, researchers around the world are unable to fully utilize the potential of natural products due to limitations, such as their poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility. The development of hybrid molecules containing natural products is a promising synthetic approach to overcome these limitations and control microbes' capability to develop resistance. Based on the potential advantages of hybrid compounds containing natural products to improve antifungal activity, there have been different reported synthesized hybrid compounds. This paper reviews different literature to report the potential antifungal activities of hybrid compounds containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuyolwethu Khwaza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Blessing A. Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Goswami L, Gupta L, Paul S, Vijayaraghavan P, Bhattacharya AK. Design and Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes as Potent Antifungal Agents against Aspergillus fumigatus. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300013. [PMID: 36852543 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol and isoeugenol, secondary metabolites isolated from the plant Myristica fragrans have displayed antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus (IC50 1900 μM). Compounds having conjugated unsaturation have been of great use as antifungals i. e. amphotericin B, nystatin and terbinafine etc. Hence, in the present study, we have designed and synthesised 1,3-diynes by utilizing Glaser-Hay and Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reactions to furnish possible antifungal agents. Synthesis of 1,6-diphenoxyhexa-2,4-diyne derivatives was achieved by Cu(I) catalysed coupling of propargylated eugenol, isoeugenol, guaiacol, vanillin and dihydrogenated eugenol or eugenol in good to excellent yields. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated against pathogenic fungus A. fumigatus. Among all the synthesized compounds, one of the compounds was found to be exhibiting promising antifungal activity with IC50 value of 7.75 μM thereby suggesting that this type of scaffold could pave the way for developing new antifungal agents. The most active compound was found to be low cytotoxic when assayed against L-132 cancer cell line. Effect of the most active compound on ergosterol biosynthesis has also been studied. Also, the most active compound exhibited significant anti-biofilm activity although the concentration was found to be higher than its anti-fungal activity. Morphological changes in the biofilm were remarkable under confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Goswami
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Lovely Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Sayantan Paul
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Asish K Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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Sen P, Gupta L, Vijay M, Vermani Sarin M, Shankar J, Hameed S, Vijayaraghavan P. 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol modulates the expression of genes involved in efflux pump, biofilm formation and sterol biosynthesis in azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1103957. [PMID: 36816579 PMCID: PMC9929553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antifungal therapy for aspergillosis is becoming problematic because of the toxicity of currently available drugs, biofilm formation on host surface, and increasing prevalence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Plants are rich source of bioactive molecules and antimicrobial activity of aromatic bioactive compounds draws attention because of its promising biological properties. The present study elucidated the antibiofilm activity of 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol) against azole-resistant environmental A. fumigatus isolates. Methods Soil samples were collected from agricultural fields across India; azole-resistant A. fumigatus (ARAF) were isolated followed by their molecular identification. Antibiofilm activity of eugenol was calculated via tetrazolium based-MTT assay. The expression of the multidrug efflux pumps genes MDR1, MDR4, transporters of the MFS gene, erg11A gene encoding 14α demethylase, and transcription regulatory genes, MedA, SomA and SrbA, involved in biofilm formation of A. fumigatus were calculated by quantitative real time PCR. Results Out of 89 A. fumigatus isolates, 10 were identified as azole resistant. Eugenol exhibited antibiofilm activity against ARAF isolates, ranging from 312 to 500 µg/mL. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis revealed absence of extracellular matrix of ARAF biofilm after eugenol treatment. The gene expression indicated significantly low expression of efflux pumps genes MDR1, MDR4, erg11A and MedA in eugenol treated ARAF isolates when compared with untreated isolates. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that eugenol effects the expression of efflux pump and biofilm associated genes as well as inhibits biofilm formation in azole resistant isolates of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sen
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Lovely Gupta
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Mukund Vijay
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Maansi Vermani Sarin
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Jata Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar), India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Anti-mycotic Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India,*Correspondence: Pooja Vijayaraghavan,
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Teixeira MM, Carvalho DT, Sousa E, Pinto E. New Antifungal Agents with Azole Moieties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1427. [PMID: 36422557 PMCID: PMC9698508 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal conditions affect a multitude of people worldwide, leading to increased hospitalization and mortality rates, and the need for novel antifungals is emerging with the rise of resistance and immunocompromised patients. Continuous use of azole drugs, which act by inhibiting the fungal CYP51, involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, essential to the fungal cell membrane, has enhanced the resistance and tolerance of some fungal strains to treatment, thereby limiting the arsenal of available drugs. The goal of this review is to gather literature information on new promising azole developments in clinical trials, with in vitro and in vivo results against fungal strains, and complementary assays, such as toxicity, susceptibility assays, docking studies, among others. Several molecules are reviewed as novel azole structures in clinical trials and with recent/imminent approvals, as well as other innovative molecules with promising antifungal activity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies are displayed whenever possible. The azole moiety is brought over as a privileged structure, with multiple different compounds emerging with distinct pharmacophores and SAR. Particularly, 1,2,3-triazole natural product conjugates emerged in the last years, presenting promising antifungal activity and a broad spectrum against various fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Martins Teixeira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Food and Drugs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37137-001, Brazil
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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