1
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Gao J, Ge Y, He C. X-type silyl ligands for transition-metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4648-4673. [PMID: 38525837 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Given the critical importance of novel ligand development for transition-metal (TM) catalysis, as well as the resurgence of the field of organosilicon chemistry and silyl ligands, to summarize the topic of X-type silyl ligands for TM catalysis is highly attractive and timely. This review particularly emphasizes the unique σ-donating characteristics and trans-effects of silyl ligands, highlighting their crucial roles in enhancing the reactivity and selectivity of various catalytic reactions, including small molecule activation, Kumada cross-coupling, hydrofunctionalization, C-H functionalization, and dehydrogenative Si-O coupling reactions. Additionally, future developments in this field are also provided, which would inspire new insights and applications in catalytic synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Yicong Ge
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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2
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Komuro T, Hayasaka K, Takahashi K, Ishiwata N, Yamauchi K, Tobita H, Hashimoto H. Iron complexes supported by silyl-NHC chelate ligands: synthesis and use for double hydroboration of nitriles. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4041-4047. [PMID: 38333906 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03605g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Iron complexes bearing new silyl-NHC bidentate ligands were synthesised by treating Fe3(CO)12 with a mixture of N-(hydrosilyl)methyl imidazolium salts and a base. These complexes showed high performance in the catalytic double hydroboration of nitrile with pinacolborane (HBpin) to produce N,N-bis(boryl)amine by a combination of UV irradiation and mild heating (60 °C). The product yields for the hydroboration of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles reached 85%-95% (NMR) using an iron complex (5 mol%). Reducing the loading amount of the iron complex to 0.5 mol% still afforded the products in high yields. An analogous ruthenium complex, which was similarly synthesised using Ru3(CO)12, showed lower activity. Stoichiometric reactions of the iron complex with nitriles afforded Fe(0)-N-silylimine complexes, which may be dormant states in nitrile hydroboration. A catalytic mechanism including Fe(0) N-silylimine species is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komuro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kohei Hayasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kasumi Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Ishiwata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kota Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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3
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Doan SH, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Moisture-Assisted Hydroboration of Nitriles and Conversion Thereof to N-Heterocyles and N-Containing Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:8981-8986. [PMID: 38081763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent revelation of hidden-borane catalysis has revolutionized the field of catalytic hydroboration in organic synthesis. Many nucleophilic reaction promoters, previously believed to be the catalysts, in fact primarily facilitated the formation of borane (BH3), which subsequently acted as the true catalyst. This revelation prompted us to explore the untapped potential of these unexpected transformations, with a view to simplify hydroboration using more cost-effective and environmentally friendly nucleophilic precatalysts. Via computational studies, we were able to identify that water can actually undertake that role. Herein, we report a study on the simple hydroboration of nitriles, a notoriously challenging yet synthetically valuable class of substrates, using nothing more than moisture as an activating agent. This moisture-assisted nitrile hydroboration process can seamlessly integrate with a range of downstream transformations in a one-pot fashion to produce valuable N-containing products such as symmetrical imines, thioureas, and bis(alcohol)amines as well as N-heterocycles such as pyrroles, pyridines, pyridinium salts, 2-iminothiazolines, and carbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Hoai Doan
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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4
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Krupa B, Szyling J, Walkowiak J. Pt(PPh 3) 4 and Pt(PPh 3) 4@IL catalyzed hydroboration of ketones. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20237. [PMID: 37981660 PMCID: PMC10658173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the reduction of various ketones via [Pt(PPh3)4]-catalyzed hydroboration with HBpin has been successfully developed for the first time. The protocol is suitable for symmetrical and unsymmetrical derivatives possessing electron donating or withdrawing functional groups. O-borylated products were easily converted to 2° alcohols via hydrolysis with high isolated yields. According to the low-temperature NMR spectroscopy, a reaction mechanism was proposed. Additionally, effective immobilization of the catalyst in the ionic liquid [BMIM][NTf2] was applied to increase the productivity of the process by carrying out reactions under the repetitive batch mode, obtaining higher TON values and limiting the amount of expensive Pt used. The catalyst stability and almost neglectable leaching were confirmed by ICP-MS analysis of the extracted mixture. A simple separation method via extraction with n-heptane, efficient catalyst immobilization, and the commercial availability of the Pt complex, make this protocol an attractive method for the hydroboration of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krupa
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Szyling
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Walkowiak
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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5
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Afandiyeva M, Wu X, Brennessel WW, Kadam AA, Kennedy CR. Secondary-sphere preorganization enables nickel-catalyzed nitrile hydroboration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13450-13453. [PMID: 37877264 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04229d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe nickel-catalyzed nitrile hydroboration with pinacolborane, wherein a tethered NHC-pyridonate ligand enables efficient catalysis (5 mol% [Ni], ≤6 h reaction time) at room temperature. Mechanistic studies, including isolation of the catalytically relevant intermediates, shed light on the cooperative role of the ligand in activating both reagents simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Afandiyeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Xijue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | | | - Abhishek A Kadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - C Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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6
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van IJzendoorn B, Whittingham JBM, Whitehead GFS, Kaltsoyannis N, Mehta M. A robust Zintl cluster for the catalytic reduction of pyridines, imines and nitriles. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13787-13796. [PMID: 37721024 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite p-block clusters being known for over a century, their application as catalysts to mediate organic transformations is underexplored. Here, the boron functionalized [P7] cluster [(BBN)P7]2- ([1]2-; BBN = 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) is applied in the dearomatized reduction of pyridines, as well as the hydroboration of imines and nitriles. These transformations afford amine products, which are important precursors to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers. Catalyst [1]2- has high stability in these reductions: recycling nine times in quinoline hydroboration led to virtually no loss in catalyst performance. The catalyst can also be recycled between two different organic transformations, again with no loss in catalyst competency. The mechanism for pyridine reduction was probed experimentally using variable time normalization analysis, and computationally using density functional theory. This work demonstrates that Zintl clusters can mediate the reduction of nitrogen containing substrates in a transition metal-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bono van IJzendoorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | - George F S Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Meera Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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7
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Akram MO, Tidwell JR, Dutton JL, Martin CD. Bis(1-Methyl-ortho-Carboranyl)Borane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307040. [PMID: 37338991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The Lewis superacid, bis(1-methyl-ortho-carboranyl)borane, is rapidly accessed in two steps. It is a very effective hydroboration reagent capable of B-H addition to alkenes, alkynes, and cyclopropanes. To date, this is the first identified Lewis superacidic secondary borane and most reactive neutral hydroboration reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjur O Akram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - John R Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Jason L Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Caleb D Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
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8
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Yang D, Zhang S, Zeng G, Chen ZX. Metal-free catalytic hydroboration of imine with pinacolborane using a pincer-type phosphorus compound: mechanistic insight and improvement of the reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37378853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01709e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic study of the catalytic hydroboration of imine using a pincer-type phosphorus compound 1NP was performed through the combination of DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations. The reaction proceeds through a phosphorus-ligand cooperative catalytic cycle, where the phosphorus center and triamide ligand work in a synergistic manner. First, the pinB-H bond activation by 1NP occurs through the cooperative functions of the phosphorus center and the triamide ligand, leading to a phosphorus-hydride intermediate 2NP. This is the rate-determining step, with the Gibbs energy barrier and Gibbs reaction energy of 25.3 and -17.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. Subsequently, the hydroboration of phenylmethanimine takes place through a concerted transition state through the cooperative function of the phosphorus center and the triamide ligand. It leads to the final hydroborated product 4 with the regeneration of 1NP. Our computational results reveal that the experimentally isolated intermediate 3NP is a resting state of the reaction. It is formed through the B-N bond activation of 4 by 1NP, rather than via the insertion of the CN double bond of phenylmethanimine into the P-H bond of 2NP. However, this side reaction can be suppressed by utilizing a planar phosphorus compound AcrDipp-1NP as the catalyst, which features steric-demanding substituents on the chelated N atom of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuoqi Zhang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guixiang Zeng
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao-Xu Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Austen BJH, Clapson ML, Drover MW. Reactions of nickel boranyl compounds with pnictogen-carbon triple bonds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19158-19163. [PMID: 37362339 PMCID: PMC10288830 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02797j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of unsaturated small molecules such as nitriles into reduced products is of interest for the production of fine chemicals. In this vein, metal-ligand cooperativity has been leveraged to promote such reactivity, often conferring stability to bound substrate - a balancing act that may offer activation at the cost of turnover efficiency. This report describes the reactivity of a [(diphosphine)Ni] compound with pnictogen carbon triple bonds (R-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]E; E = N, P), where the diphosphine contains two pendant borane groups. For E = N, cooperative nitrile coordination is observed to afford {Ni}2 complexes displaying B-N interactions, whereas for E = P, B-P interactions are absent. This work additionally outlines a structure-activity relationship that uses nitrile dihydroboration as a model reaction to unveil the effect of SCS stabilization, employing [(diphosphine)Ni] where the diphosphine contains 0, 1, or 2 pendant Lewis acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady J H Austen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Marissa L Clapson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
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10
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Sahoo RK, Patro AG, Sarkar N, Nembenna S. Zinc Catalyzed Hydroelementation (HE; E = B, C, N, and O) of Carbodiimides: Intermediates Isolation and Mechanistic Insights. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajata Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar 752 050, India
| | - Arukela Ganesh Patro
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar 752 050, India
| | - Nabin Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar 752 050, India
| | - Sharanappa Nembenna
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar 752 050, India
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11
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Sheng X, Xian J, Liu S, Zhang X, Li B, Wang J, Chen X, Xie F. Green Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-α]quinoxalines by Palladium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation with Nitriles as Carbon Synthons. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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12
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Meger F, Kwok ACW, Gilch F, Willcox DR, Hendy AJ, Nicholson K, Bage AD, Langer T, Hunt TA, Thomas SP. B–N/ B–H Transborylation: borane-catalysed nitrile hydroboration. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1332-1337. [PMID: 36247978 PMCID: PMC9531558 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of nitriles to primary amines is a useful transformation in organic synthesis, however, it often relies upon stoichiometric reagents or transition-metal catalysis. Herein, a borane-catalysed hydroboration of nitriles to give primary amines is reported. Good yields (48–95%) and chemoselectivity (e.g., ester, nitro, sulfone) were observed. DFT calculations and mechanistic studies support the proposal of a double B–N/B–H transborylation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Meger
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander C W Kwok
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Gilch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic R Willcox
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Hendy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Nicholson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bage
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Langer
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Chemical Development U.K., AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Hunt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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13
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Wang J, Yao W, Hu D, Qi X, Zhang JQ, Ren H. NaOH/BEt3 Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroboration of Epoxides with HBpin to Secondary Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- Taizhou University Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Wubin Yao
- Taizhou University Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Dandan Hu
- Taizhou University Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Xinxin Qi
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jun-Qi Zhang
- Taizhou University Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Hongjun Ren
- Taizhou University Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry 1139 Shifu Avenue 318012 Taizhou CHINA
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14
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Sieland B, Hoppe A, Stepen A, Paradies J. Frustrated Lewis pair‐catalyzed hydroboration of nitriles: FLP versus borenium catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Hoppe
- Paderborn University Faculty of Science GERMANY
| | - Arne Stepen
- Paderborn University Faculty of Science GERMANY
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15
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Liu X, Shen Y, Lu C, Jian Y, Xia S, Gao Z, Zheng Y, An Y, Wang Y. Visible-light-driven PhSSPh-catalysed regioselective hydroborylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with NHC-boranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8380-8383. [PMID: 35792097 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02846h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A photo-induced transition-metal-free regioselective hydroborylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is developed. The PhSSPh reagent was employed as the photocatalyst, and NHC-BH3 was used as the boron source. This transformation shows a broad substrate scope and provides a wide range of α-borylcarbonyl molecules in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Yujing Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Yongchan Jian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Shuangshuang Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoliang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Yihan Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Yubin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
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