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Saha R, Hembram BC, Panda S, Ghosh R, Bagh B. Iron-Catalyzed sp 3 C-H Alkylation of Fluorene with Primary and Secondary Alcohols: A Borrowing Hydrogen Approach. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39175426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of earth-abundant, cheap, and nontoxic transition metals in important catalytic transformations is essential for sustainable development, and iron has gained significant attention as the most abundant transition metal. A mixture of FeCl2 (3 mol %), phenanthroline (6 mol %), and KOtBu (0.4 eqivalent) was used as an effective catalyst for the sp3 C-H alkylation of fluorene using alcohol as a nonhazardous alkylating partner, and eco-friendly water was formed as the only byproduct. The substrate scope includes a wide range of substituted fluorenes and substituted benzyl alcohols. The reaction is equally effective with challenging secondary alcohols and unactivated aliphatic alcohols. Selective mono-C9-alkylation of fluorenes with alcohols yielded the corresponding products in good isolated yields. Various postfunctionalizations of C-9 alkylated fluorene products were performed to establish the practical utility of this catalytic alkylation. Control experiments suggested a homogeneous reaction path involving borrowing hydrogen mechanism with the formation and subsequent reduction of 9-alkylidene fluorene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Bhairab Chand Hembram
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Surajit Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Rahul Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Bidraha Bagh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
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Liu X, Huang L, Ma Y, She G, Zhou P, Zhu L, Zhang Z. Enable biomass-derived alcohols mediated alkylation and transfer hydrogenation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7012. [PMID: 39147765 PMCID: PMC11327299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A single-atom catalyst with generally regarded inert Zn-N4 motifs derived from ZIF-8 is unexpectedly efficient for the activation of alcohols, enabling alcohol-mediated alkylation and transfer hydrogenation. C-alkylation of nitriles, ketones, alcohols, N-heterocycles, amides, keto acids, and esters, and N-alkylation of amines and amides all go smoothly with the developed method. Taking the α-alkylation of nitriles with alcohols as an example, the α-alkylation starts from the (1) nitrogen-doped carbon support catalyzed dehydrogenation of alcohols into aldehydes, which further condensed with nitriles to give vinyl nitriles, followed by (2) transfer hydrogenation of C=C bonds in vinyl nitriles on Zn-N4 sites. The experimental results and DFT calculations reveal that the Lewis acidic Zn-N4 sites promote step (2) by activating the alcohols. This is the first example of highly efficient single-atom catalysts for various organic transformations with biomass-derived alcohols as the alkylating reagents and hydrogen donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuandie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqiang She
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China.
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Saha R, Hembram BC, Panda S, Jana NC, Bagh B. Iron- and base-catalyzed C(α)-alkylation and one-pot sequential alkylation-hydroxylation of oxindoles with secondary alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6321-6330. [PMID: 39039931 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of economical and environmentally benign transition metals in crucial catalytic processes is pivotal for sustainable advancement in synthetic organic chemistry. Iron, as the most abundant transition metal in the Earth's crust, has gained significant attention for this purpose. A combination of FeCl2 (5 mol%) in the presence of phenanthroline (10 mol%) and NaOtBu (1.5 equivalent) proved effective for the C(α)-alkylation of oxindole, employing challenging secondary alcohol as a non-hazardous alkylating agent. The C(α)-alkylation of oxindole was optimized in green solvent or under neat conditions. The substrate scope encompasses a broad array of substituted oxindoles with various secondary alcohols. Further post-functionalization of the C(α)-alkylated oxindole products demonstrated the practical utility of this catalytic alkylation. One-pot C-H hydroxylation of alkylated oxindoles yielded 3-alkyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles using air as the most sustainable oxidant. Low E-factors (3.61 to 4.19) and good Eco-scale scores (74 to 76) of these sustainable catalytic protocols for the alkylation and one-pot sequential alkylation-hydroxylation of oxindoles demonstrated minimum waste generation. Plausible catalytic paths are proposed on the basis of past reports and control experiments, which suggested that a borrowing hydrogen pathway is involved in this alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Bhairab Chand Hembram
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Surajit Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Narayan Ch Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Bidraha Bagh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
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Song P, Rong H, Meng T, Cui Z, Mao M, Yang C. Quinoline-derived NNP-manganese complex catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5112-5116. [PMID: 38864433 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
An air-stable quinoline-derived NNP ligand chelated Mn catalyst was developed for the efficient α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols via a hydrogen auto-transfer methodology. The sole by-product formed is water, rendering the protocol atom efficient. A wide range of ketone and alcohol substrates were employed, providing the α-alkylated ketones with isolated yields up to 94%. This system was also efficient for the green synthesis of quinoline derivatives while using (2-aminophenyl)methanol as an alkylating reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Song
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Haojie Rong
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Tingting Meng
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Zhe Cui
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Mingzhen Mao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Cuifeng Yang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
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Jalwal S, Regina A, Atreya V, Paranjothy M, Chakraborty S. NNN manganese complex-catalyzed α-alkylation of methyl ketones using alcohols: an experimental and computational study. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38251673 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04321e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
We present here a phosphine-free, quinoline-based pincer Mn catalyst for α-alkylation of methyl ketones using primary alcohols as alkyl surrogates. The C-C bond formation reaction proceeds via a hydrogen auto-transfer methodology. The sole by-product formed is water, rendering the protocol atom efficient. Electronic structure theory studies corroborated the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Jalwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Anitta Regina
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Vaishnavi Atreya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Manikandan Paranjothy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, 342030, Rajasthan, India.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wang L, Chen W, Li X, Cui B, Zhao M, Shao Z. Synthesis of Thiophene-Substituted Ketones via Manganese-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300725. [PMID: 37789733 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an efficient and green one-step method for synthesizing thiophene-substituted ketones from 2-thiophenemethanol and ketones via dehydrogenative coupling using manganese complexes as catalysts. The manganese complex demonstrated a broad applicability under mild conditions and extended the range of usable substrates. Utilizing this strategy, we carried out an efficient and diverse reaction of ketones with 2-thiophenemethanol, and successfully synthesized a series of thiophene-substituted saturated ketones and α, β-unsaturated ketones in good isolated yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hebei Industrial Co., LTD, Shijiazhuang, 050051, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqiao Ding
- Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Liusheng Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hebei Industrial Co., LTD, Shijiazhuang, 050051, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hebei Industrial Co., LTD, Shijiazhuang, 050051, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Bing Cui
- Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
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