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George A, Jayaraman N. Carbohydrate-Functionalized Anthracene Carboximides as Multivalent Ligands and Bio-Imaging Agents. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400941. [PMID: 38700909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Anthracene carboximides (ACIs) conjugated with gluco-, galacto- and mannopyranosides are synthesized, by glycosylation of N-hydroxyethylanthracene carboximide acceptor with glycosyl donors. Glycoconjugation of anthracene carboximide increases the aq. solubility by more than 3-fold. The glycoconjugates display red-shifted absorption and emission, as compared to anthracene. Large Stokes shift (λabs/λem=445/525 nm) and high fluorescence quantum yields (Φ) of 0.86 and 0.5 occur in THF and water, respectively. The ACI-glycosides undergo facile photodimerization in aqueous solutions, leading to the formation of the head-to-tail dimer, as a mixture of syn and anti-isomers. Solution phase and solid-state characterizations by dynamic light scattering (DLS), microscopic imaging by atomic force (AFM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopies reveal self-assembled vesicle structures of ACI glycosides. These self-assembled structures act as multivalent glycoclusters for ligand-specific lectin binding, as evidenced by the binding of Man-ACI to Con A, by fluorescence and turbidity assays. The conjugates do not show cellular cytotoxicity (IC50) till concentrations of 50 μM with HeLa and HepG2 cell lines and are cell-permeable, showing strong fluorescence inside the cells. These properties enable the glycoconjugates to be used in cell imaging. The non-selective cellular uptake of the glycoconjugates suggests a passive diffusion through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne George
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Feng W, Qian Y. Water-soluble red fluorescent protein dimers for hypoxic two-photon photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2413-2424. [PMID: 38354026 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02621c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, two water-soluble red fluorescent protein (RFP) dimers, FP2R' and FP2R'', were synthesized by linking two phenothiazine-based RFP chromophore analogues through alkyl chains or alkoxy chains for hypoxic two-photon photodynamic therapy. RFP dimers are heavy-atom-free two-photon photosensitizers in which the intersystem crossing process is boosted by S and N heteroatoms. In terms of the aqueous solubility, the saturation concentration of FP2R'' was 3.5 mM, the emission wavelength was 677 nm, the singlet oxygen yield was 18%, and the two-photon absorption coefficient (β) was 2.1 × 10-11 cm W-1. Further, the RFP dimer FP2R'' showed excellent biocompatibility, negligible dark toxicity, and could produce 1O2 and O2˙- simultaneously. Under 460 nm illumination, the photosensitizer FP2R'' showed high phototoxicity with an IC50 value of 4.08 μM in an hypoxia environment, indicating that the photosensitizer FP2R'' has an excellent anti-hypoxia ability. In addition, the photosensitizer FP2R'' demonstrated a precise localization ability to lysosomes and its Pearson's colocalization coefficient was 0.94, which could guide the aggregation of photosensitizers in the lysosomes of tumor cells to effectively improve its photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. In particular, when exposed to 800 nm two-photon excitation, FP2R'' effectively produced 1O2 and O2˙- in zebrafish and exhibited a bright two-photon fluorescence imaging capability. At the same time, the efficacy of two-photon photodynamic therapy mediated by the photosensitizer FP2R'' was verified in the tumor zebrafish model, and the growth of tumor cells in zebrafish was significantly inhibited under a two-photon laser irradiation. The water-soluble two-photon photosensitizer FP2R'' that was reasonably constructed in this study can be used as a high-efficiency hypoxic two-photon photosensitizer to inhibit deep tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Liang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Chang Y, Wang Y, Xue J, Wang L, Zhang F, Niu K. Oxygen self-supplied nanoparticle for enhanced chemiexcited photodynamic therapy. Biomed Mater 2023; 19:015013. [PMID: 38096591 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad15e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for effective cancer treatment. However, it still faces severe challenges, including poor laser penetration and insufficient oxygen (O2) in solid tumors. Here, we constructed intelligent O2self-supplied nanoparticles (NPs) for tumor hypoxia relief as well as effective chemiexcited PDT. Oxygen-carrying NPs (BSA@TCPO NPs) were obtained via the self-assembly of bovine serum albumin (BSA), bis[3,4,6-trichloro2-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]oxalate (TCPO), perfluorohexane (PFH), and chlorin e6 (Ce6). In H2O2-overexpressed tumor cells, TCPO in the NPs reacted with H2O2, releasing energy to activate the photosensitizer Ce6 and generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) to kill tumor cells in a laser irradiation-independent manner. Moreover, the O2carried by PFH not only reduced therapeutic resistance by alleviating tumor hypoxia but also increased1O2generation for enhanced chemiexcited PDT. The remarkable cytotoxicity to various cancer cell lines and A549 tumors demonstrated the advantage of BTPC in alleviating the hypoxic status and inhibiting tumor growth. Our results demonstrate that BTPC is a promising nanoplatform for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liman Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueying Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chensa Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulu Chang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Xue
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Niu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066000, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
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George A, Jayaraman N. Linker length-dependent morphologies in self-assembled structures of anthracene glucosides. Carbohydr Res 2023; 533:108933. [PMID: 37683400 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracenemethyl glucosides, that possess ethylene glycol linkers connecting the glucoside with anthracene moiety, are studied herein. Koenigs-Knorr glycosylation of ethylene glycol-tethered anthracene with acetobromo glucose, followed by removal of the protecting groups, lead to the facile formation of the target glucosides. Aq. solutions of these anthracene glucosides readily undergo self-assembly, with critical aggregation concentration varying between 0.4 and 1 mM, depending on the linker, being ethylene-, di- and tetraethylene glycol, as assessed by photophysical evaluations. Circular dichroism spectra show chiral self-assembled structures for these glucosides in solution, from which a left-handed chirality is adjudged. Morphologies of the self-assembled structures of these glucosides are controlled by the linker length. With the ethylene glycol linker, vesicles form initially, around which tendrils start to grow as the concentration of the glucoside is increased. Whereas, di- and tetraethylene glycol-spaced glucosides prefer agglomerated fractal-like structures, as assessed by microscopies. The aggregation phenomenon in the latter glucosides appears to be under the non-equilibrium-driven, dissipative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne George
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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Li Y, Liu SB, Ni W, Gurzadyan GG, Wu Y, Wang J, Kuang GC, Jiang W. Near-Infrared BODIPY Photosensitizer for Modulating Mitochondrial Fusion Proteins and Inhibiting Choroidal Neovascularization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48027-48037. [PMID: 37812497 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers have emerged as cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) activators in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which induced cell apoptosis. As the major contributors to ROS and oxidative stress, mitochondria play an important role in cell apoptosis. Although there are many reports about near-infrared 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) as photosensitizers (PSs) for PDT, this kind of PS has rarely been used for treating mitochondrial function and choroidal neovascularization application at the same time. Herein, a novel near-infrared PS (BDP2) characterized by good water solubility, long wavelength excitation, and high ROS quantum yield has been made. Under near-infrared light irradiation, BDP2 would generate ROS with high yield, induce a mitochondrial morphology change, and trigger cell apoptosis by changing the fusion protein level. Deep investigation revealed that BDP2 can cause oxidative stress, break the balance between fusion and fission of mitochondrial dynamics protein through decreasing fusion protein MFN2 and OPA1 expression, and finally cause cell apoptosis. Due to these characteristics, the BDP2 PS was used to treat choroidal neovascularization in animal models and can inhibit neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, Yuelu District, Changsha 410083, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Ni
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, The People's Republic of China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Chao Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, Yuelu District, Changsha 410083, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
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