1
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Desgranges A, Jean-Baptiste-Dit-Dominique F, Ngo R, D'Agosto F, Boisson C. Nitriles as Functionalization and Coupling Agents for Polyolefins Obtained by Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400226. [PMID: 38837553 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of ethylene and its copolymerization with 1,3-butadiene is conducted in toluene at 80 °C using a combination of {(Me2Si(C13H8)2)Nd(μ-BH4)[(μ-BH4)Li(THF)]}2 (1) metal complex and various organomagnesium compounds used as chain transfer agents including n-butyl-n-octyl-magnesium (BOMAG), n-butyl-mesityl-magnesium (n-BuMgMes), n-butyl-magnesium chloride (n-BuMgCl), n-pentyl-magnesium bromide (n-C5H11MgBr), pentanediyl-1,5-di(magnesium bromide) (PDMB) and isobutyl-magnesium chloride (i-BuMgCl). Kinetics and performance in terms of control of the (co)polymerization are comparatively discussed particularly considering the presence of ether and the nature of the organomagnesium compounds employed. Taking advantage of the well-known reactivity between nitrile and molecular organomagnesium compounds, the functionalization of the chains is further carried out by deactivation of the polymerization medium with benzonitrile or methoxybenzonitrile compounds leading to ketone ω-functionalized chains. The success of the functionalizations is extended to coupling strategies using dinitrile reagents and to the functionalization of high molar mass ethylene butadiene rubber (EBR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Desgranges
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | | | - Robert Ngo
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, Villeurbanne, 69616, France
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2
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Mundil R, Bravo C, Merle N, Zinck P. Coordinative Chain Transfer and Chain Shuttling Polymerization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:210-244. [PMID: 38085864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Coordinative chain transfer polymerization, CCTP, is a degenerative chain transfer polymerization process that has a wide range of applications. It allows a highly controlled synthesis of polyolefins, stereoregular polydienes, and stereoregular polystyrene, including (stereo)block as well as statistical copolymers thereof. It also shows a green character by allowing catalyst economy during the synthesis of such polymers. CCTP notably allows the end functionalization of both the commodity and stereoregular specialty polymers aforementionned, control of the composition of statistical copolymers without adjusting the feed, and quantitative formation of 1-alkenes from ethene. A one-pot one-step synthesis of the original multiblock microstructures and architectures by chain shuttling polymerization (CSP) is also an asset of CCTP. This methodology takes advantage of the simultaneous presence of two catalysts of different selectivity toward comonomers that produce blocks of different composition/microstructure, while still allowing the chain transfer. This affords the production of highly performant functional polymers, such as thermoplastic elastomers and adhesives, among others. This approach has been extended to cyclic esters' and ethers' ring-opening polymerization, providing new types of multiblock microstructure. The present Review provides the state of the art in the field with a focus on the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mundil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Catarina Bravo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Merle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Zinck
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
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3
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Liu P, Yang X, Li H, Zhang S, Hu Y, Zhou G, Hadjichristidis N. Synthesis of α,ω-End Functionalized Polydienes: Allylic-Bearing Heteroleptic Aluminums for Selective Alkylation and Transalkylation in Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202317494. [PMID: 38086775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
There are still challenges in the preparation of difunctional stereoregular polydienes, especially for the construction of initiating chain-end functionalization. Coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) provides a way to achieve the goal but usually requires sophisticated functionalized catalysts as well as expensive chain transfer agents (CTAs). In this work, heteroleptic aluminum with oligo(dienyl) substituents (oligo-Al agents) were readily prepared by living anionic polymerization (LAP) technique. The oligo-Al agents used in Nd-mediated CCTPs of dienes exhibit highly selective alkylation and transalkylation features. Kinetics and transfer efficiency studies using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 1 H-13 C HSQC, and Dosy NMR analyses revealed that the resulting polydienes possess substituents at the initiating chain-end that have transferred from the oligo-Al agents. The functionalization efficiency of the initiating chain-end is up to 99 %, and the molar mass regulation efficiency of heteroleptic aluminum is higher than that of the traditional CTA Ali Bu2 H (0.608 vs. 0.410). Based on the experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose a mechanism in which allylic-Al acts as an efficient alkylating moiety in catalyst preformation and also as an effective transfer agent in polymerization. Taking advantage of these features, di-functionalized polyisoprene, polybutadiene, and poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) can be facilely synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pibo Liu
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - He Li
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yanming Hu
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Chemistry Program, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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4
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Ding A, Fang L, Zhang C, Liu H, Zhang X, Liao J. Neodymium-Mediated Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization of Isoprene in the Presence of External Donors. Molecules 2023; 28:7364. [PMID: 37959785 PMCID: PMC10648742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nd-based polydiene elastomers, including NdIR and NdBR, are regarded as indispensable key raw materials in preparing green tires with excellent performance capabilities, but their wide application is still limited by the relative higher cost of Nd precatalysts. Nd-mediated coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of diene provides an effective strategy to reduce the precatalyst cost, because this method involves very high atom economy, i.e., each Nd molecule can generate multiple polymer chains. Nevertheless, all possible factors that could influence such CCTP behaviors are still mostly unexplored to date. In this report, the basic chemistry on the influence of external donors on the overall CCTP behaviors of isoprene was established for the first time. It was found that increasing the amount of external donors had a negative influence on the chain transfer efficiencies, resulting in gradually decreasing atom economies. Catalyst addition order studies revealed that the coordination of donors with cationic Nd active species, rather than alkylaluminium CTAs, contributed mostly to such decreased efficiencies. Moreover, it was found that when the ratio of donors and Nd compounds was higher than 1.0, the CCTP behaviors were corrupted, resulting in polymers with broad distributions, as well as resulting in low atom economies; nevertheless, when the ratio was lower than 0.5, the system still displayed CCTP characteristics, implying that the critical ratio for maintaining the CCTP was 0.5. Additionally, when such a ratio was 0.01, the high atom economy was almost the same as donor-free CCTP systems. Detailed kinetic studies at such a ratio demonstrated that the donor-contained system proceeded in a well-controlled manner, as concluded from the good linear relationship between the Mn of the PIps against the polymer yields, as well as the good linearity between the Mn against the (IP)/(Nd) ratios. Such maintained CCTP properties also allowed for seeding two-step polymerizations to prepare diblock copolymers with precisely controlled molecular weights. Expanding the types of donors to more phosphine, oxygen, and nitrogen containing compounds showed that they also affected the CCTP behaviors depending on their steric and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwu Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- China Hainan Rubber Industry Group Co., Ltd., Haikou 570106, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (C.Z.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (C.Z.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Heng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (C.Z.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuequan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (C.Z.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianhe Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Langlais M, Baulu N, Dronet S, Dire C, Jean-Baptiste-Dit-Dominique F, Albertini D, D'Agosto F, Montarnal D, Boisson C. Multiblock Copolymers Based on Highly Crystalline Polyethylene and Soft Poly(ethylene-co-butadiene) Segments: Towards Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310437. [PMID: 37642586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers based on polyethylene (PE) and ethylene butadiene rubber (EBR) were obtained by successive controlled coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of a mixture of ethylene and butadiene (80/20) and pure ethylene. EBR-b-PE diblock copolymers were synthesized using the {Me2 Si(C13 H8 )2 Nd(BH4 )2 Li(THF)}2 complex in combination with n-butyl,n-octyl magnesium (BOMAG) used as both the alkylating and chain transfer agent (CTA). Triblock and multiblock copolymers featuring highly semi-crystalline PE hard segments and soft EBR segments were further obtained by the development of a bimetallic CTA, the pentanediyl-1,5-di(magnesium bromide) (PDMB). These new block copolymers undergo crystallization-driven organization into lamellar structures and exhibit a variety of mechanical properties, including excellent extensibility and elastic recovery in the case of triblock and multiblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Langlais
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Baulu
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Séverin Dronet
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Dire
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - David Albertini
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
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6
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Goller A, Obenauf J, Kretschmer WP, Kempe R. The Highly Controlled and Efficient Polymerization of Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216464. [PMID: 36541599 PMCID: PMC10108248 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The highly controlled and efficient polymerization of ethylene is a very attractive but challenging target. Herein we report on a Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization catalyst, which combines a high degree of control and very high activity in ethylene oligo- or polymerization with extremely high chain transfer agent (triethylaluminum) to catalyst ratios (catalyst economy). Our Zr catalyst is long living and temperature stable. The chain length of the polyethylene products increases over time under constant ethylene feed or until a certain volume of ethylene is completely consumed to reach the expected molecular weight. Very high activities are observed if the catalyst elongates 60 000 or more alkyl chains and the polydispersity of the strictly linear polyethylene materials obtained are very low. The key for the combination of high control and efficiency seems to be a catalyst stabilized by only one strongly bound monoanionic N-ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goller
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes Obenauf
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Winfried P Kretschmer
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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7
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Rio J, Perrin L, Payard P. Structure–Reactivity Relationship of Organozinc and Organozincate Reagents: Key Elements towards Molecular Understanding. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rio
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Pierre‐Adrien Payard
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
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8
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Baulu N, Langlais M, Ngo R, Thuilliez J, Jean-Baptiste-Dit-Dominique F, D'Agosto F, Boisson C. Switch from Anionic Polymerization to Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization: A Valuable Strategy to Make Olefin Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204249. [PMID: 35403806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anionic polymerization of butadiene or/and styrene is performed with lithium initiators, functional or not. The polymer chains are subsequently transferred to magnesium. The resulting polymeryl-magnesium compounds were combined with {(Me2 Si(C13 H8 )2 )Nd(μ-BH4 )[(μ-BH4 )Li(THF)]}2 metallocene complex to act as macromolecular chain transfer agents (macroCTAs) in coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of ethylene (E) or its copolymerization (CCTcoP) with butadiene (B). Block copolymers were produced for the first time by this switch from anionic polymerization to CCTP. Hard and soft blocks such as PB, polystyrene (PS), poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (SBR) obtained by anionic polymerization and PE or poly(ethylene-co-butadiene) (EBR) produced by CCT(co)P were combined and the corresponding structures were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baulu
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France.,Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marvin Langlais
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France.,ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Robert Ngo
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Thuilliez
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - François Jean-Baptiste-Dit-Dominique
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France.,ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France.,ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Baulu N, Langlais M, Ngo R, Thuilliez J, Jean‐Baptiste‐dit‐Dominique F, D'Agosto F, Boisson C. Switch from Anionic Polymerization to Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization: a Valuable Strategy to Make Olefin Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baulu
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin 23 place Carmes Déchaux 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Marvin Langlais
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Robert Ngo
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin 23 place Carmes Déchaux 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Julien Thuilliez
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin 23 place Carmes Déchaux 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - François Jean‐Baptiste‐dit‐Dominique
- Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin 23 place Carmes Déchaux 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
- ChemistLab, Michelin CP2M ICBMS joint Laboratory 69616 Villeurbanne France
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