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Zhou S, Li C, Zeng J, Lv J, Liao J, Wang H, Yan Q, Gu S. Al(OTf) 3-Catalyzed Regioselective N 2-Arylation of Tetrazoles with Diazo Compounds. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38773955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Regioselective methods to access alkylated tetrazoles still remain a challenging goal. Herein, we describe a novel regioselective protocol for N2-arylation of tetrazoles with diazo compounds using inexpensive Al(OTf)3. This reaction could be conducted under mild conditions to access a diverse array of alkylated tetrazoles with 2-substituted tetrazoles as the major products, demonstrating a comprehensive range of substrate compatibility and excellent functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies revealed a carbene-free process in this reaction procedure. Furthermore, the scale-up reaction and transformations of the N2-arylation of tetrazole products demonstrated the potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Hubei Industrial Technology Institute of Dye Intermediates, Shishou 434400, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Key laboratory of Green Chemcial Engineering Precess of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qiongjiao Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuangxi Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Key laboratory of Green Chemcial Engineering Precess of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
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Yang Y, Liang J, Li W, Yang W, Wang C, Zhang X, Fang WH, Guo Z, Chen X. Mechanistic Understanding and Reactivity Analyses for the Photochemistry of Disubstituted Tetrazoles. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4115-4124. [PMID: 37133205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of tetrazoles has undergone extensive research. However, there are still some problems to be solved in terms of mechanistic understanding and reactivity analyses, which leaves room for theoretical calculations. Herein, multiconfiguration perturbation theory at the CASPT2//CASSCF level was employed to account for electron correction effects involved in the photolysis of four disubstituted tetrazoles. Based on calculations of vertical excitation properties and evaluations of intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies in the Frank-Condon region, the combination of space and electronic effects is found in maximum-absorption excitation. Two types of ISC (1ππ* → 3nπ*, 1ππ* → 3ππ*) are determined in disubstituted tetrazoles, and the obtained rates follow the El-Sayed rule. Through mapping three representative types of minimum energy profiles for the photolysis of 1,5-, and 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles, a conclusion can be drawn that the photolysis of tetrazoles exhibits reactivity characteristic of bond-breaking selectivity. Kinetic evaluations show that the photogeneration of singlet imidoylnitrene operates predominately over that in the triplet state, which can be confirmed by a double-well model in the triplet potential energy surface of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole. Similar mechanistic explorations and reactivity analyses were also applied to the photolysis of 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole to unveil fragmentation patterns of nitrile imine generation. All computational efforts allow us to better understand the photoreactions of disubstituted tetrazoles and to provide useful strategies for regulating their unique reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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