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Verdross P, Woodward RT, Bismarck A. Flexing with lignin: lignin-based elastomers synthesised from untreated kraft black liquor. Polym Chem 2024; 15:2687-2697. [PMID: 38962214 PMCID: PMC11217878 DOI: 10.1039/d4py00490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of a lignin-based elastomer system using lignin-epoxy-resins is presented. Untreated kraft black liquor was used to synthesise glycidyl lignin or black liquor-based epoxy resin (BLER), following a published procedure. A flexible, elastomeric thermoset was produced by cross-linking BLER with succinic anhydride (SA). The produced material was characterised in respect to its chemical, thermal, mechanical and swelling characteristics. In addition, vertical burning tests were performed. The obtained lignin-based elastomeric thermoset had a tensile strength of 1.0 ± 0.20 MPa and elastic moduli of 1.6 ± 1.4 and 0.44 ± 0.35 MPa at 5% and 50% elongation, respectively. A maximum elongation of 151 ± 49% was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Verdross
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Robert T Woodward
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
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2
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Balasubramani V, Nagarajan KJ, Karthic M, Pandiyarajan R. Extraction of lignocellulosic fiber and cellulose microfibrils from agro waste-palmyra fruit peduncle: Water retting, chlorine-free chemical treatments, physio-chemical, morphological, and thermal characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129273. [PMID: 38211922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, lignocellulosic fibers and cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) were extracted from palmyra fruit peduncle waste and investigated as naturally derived cellulosic materials for their potential use as reinforcement materials in composite applications. The physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the extracted fiber were studied. Physical and morphological analysis results revealed an extracted fiber diameter of 82.5 μm with a very rough surface, providing excellent interfacial bonding performance with the polymer matrix. Chemical, mechanical, and thermal results showed that the fibers consist mainly of cellulose as their crystallized phase, with a cellulose content of 56.5 wt% and a tensile strength of 693.3 MPa, along with thermal stability up to 252 °C. The chemically extracted CMFs exhibit a short, rough-surfaced, cylindrical cellulose structure with a diameter range of 10-15 μm. These CMFs demonstrate excellent thermal stability, withstanding temperatures up to 330 °C. Furthermore, the formation of CMFs is evident from a substantial increase in the crystallinity index, which increased from 58.2 % in the raw fibers to 78.2 % in the CMFs. FT-IR analysis further confirms the successful removal of non-cellulosic materials through chlorine-free chemical treatments. These findings strongly support the potential use of extracted fibers and CMFs as reinforcement materials in polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balasubramani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K J Nagarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Karthic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, -625015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pandiyarajan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Agni College of Technology, Chennai 600 130, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Zhao X, Zhao S, Xu Y, Xu H, Zhang Z, Tian H, He Q, Ma S, Gao B, Ma C. Preparation of tobacco pyrolysis liquids in subcritical/supercritical ethanol and their application in the aroma enhancement of heated cigarettes. Front Chem 2024; 11:1347215. [PMID: 38274898 PMCID: PMC10808149 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1347215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
For the aroma enhancement research of heated cigarettes, it is worth exploring whether tobacco can be pyrolyzed into pyrolysis liquids containing a large number of volatile aroma components. In this study, tobacco pyrolysis liquids were prepared in subcritical/supercritical ethanol, and their applications in the aroma enhancement of heated cigarettes were investigated. The optimal conditions of supercritical liquefaction reactions were determined by optimizing the reaction time, liquid/solid mass ratio and temperature conditions. Moreover, the effect of supercritical liquefaction conditions on volatile aroma components in tobacco pyrolysis liquids was investigated by GC-MS. The results indicated that the reaction temperature had the most significant impact on the tobacco pyrolysis reaction, and higher reaction temperature promoted the pyrolysis conversion of tobacco, resulting in enhanced tobacco conversion and a high content of volatile components in the tobacco pyrolysis liquid. The optimal reaction conditions for the preparation of tobacco pyrolysis liquid were found to be a temperature of 220°C, a liquid/solid mass ratio = 15, and a 2-h reaction time. Meanwhile, the content of ester compounds and nicotine in the tobacco pyrolysis liquid increased significantly with the increase of reaction temperature. Sub/supercritical ethanol treatment significantly destroyed the surface structure of tobacco, and the degree of tobacco depolymerization increased when temperature rised. The analysis of aroma compounds in the smoke of heated cigarettes indicated that the tobacco pyrolysis liquid could significantly increase the release of aromatic substances and has a significant aroma-enhancing effect. This article proposed and prepared tobacco pyrolysis liquid in subcritical/supercritical ethanol and explored its potential application in the aroma enhancement of heated cigarettes, offering a new route for flavor enhancement technology for this type of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengchen Zhao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongming Xu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiying Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengjie Ma
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang X, Gao W, Liao B, Fatehi P. In Situ Copolymerization Studies of Lignin, Acrylamide, and Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Rheology. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27156-27169. [PMID: 37546615 PMCID: PMC10398705 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, free-radical polymerization of kraft lignin, acrylamide (AM), and diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) was studied in detail. In situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rheological analysis, and particle size techniques were conducted to understand the physicochemical characteristics of this copolymerization system. The copolymerization of lignin-AM and lignin-DADMAC had activation energies of 65.7 and 69.3 kJ/mol, respectively, and followed the first-order kinetic model, which was monitored by in situ H1 NMR results. The highest conversions of AM and DADMAC were 96 and 68%, respectively, in the copolymerization of lignin, AM, and DADMAC at the molar ratio of 5.5:2.4:1, pH 2 and 85 °C. The results illustrated that the participation of AM in the reaction was essential for polymerizing DADMAC to lignin due to less steric hindrance of AM than DADMAC facilitating its bridging performance. The monomer conversion ratio and dynamic rheology of the reaction system indicated that lignin acted as an inhibitor in the copolymerization reaction. The particle size analysis of the reaction mixtures reflected the alteration in the size of particles from coarse particles (>300 μm) to fine particles (<10 and 10-50 μm) and suspension to colloidal systems when the reaction progressed. The oscillation study of the reaction media confirmed the gradual increase in the viscosity of the reaction media, illustrating the crosslinking of lignin, AM, and DADMAC.
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Guo H, Zhao Y, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Lignin to value-added products: Research updates and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 384:129294. [PMID: 37311532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the urgent need for renewable and clean energy, the efficient use of lignin is of wide interest. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of lignin depolymerization and the generation of high-value products will contribute to the global control of the formation of efficient lignin utilization. This review explores the lignin value-adding process and discusses the link between lignin functional groups and value-added products. Mechanisms and characteristics of lignin depolymerization methods are presented, and challenges and prospects for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li 32003, Taiwan.
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Yu J, Xu X, Miao C, Li P, Tong G. Relationship between the Change in E/T Ratio and the Cooking Performance of Eucalyptus and Acacia Woods during Kraft Pulping Process. Molecules 2023; 28:4637. [PMID: 37375192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin structure is an important factor affecting the cooking part of the pulping process. In this study, the effect of lignin side chain spatial configuration on cooking performance was analyzed, and the structural characteristics of eucalyptus and acacia during cooking were compared and studied by combining ozonation, GC-MS, NBO, and 2D NMR (1H-13C HSQC). In addition, the changes in the lignin content of four different raw materials during the cooking process were studied via ball milling and UV spectrum analysis. The results showed that the content of lignin in the raw material decreased continuously during the cooking process. Only in the late cooking stage, when the lignin removal reached its limit, did the lignin content tend to be stable due to the polycondensation reaction of lignin. At the same time, the E/T ratio and S/G ratio of the reaction residual lignin also followed a similar rule. At the beginning of cooking, the values of E/T and S/G decreased rapidly and then gradually rose when they reached a low point. The different initial E/T and S/G values of different raw materials lead to the disunity of cooking efficiency and the different transformation rules of different raw materials in the cooking process. Therefore, the pulping efficiency of different raw materials can be improved using different technological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangdong Yu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guolin Tong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Li P, Yu J, Wang M, Su W, Yang C, Jiang B, Wu W. Preparation of Symmetrical Capacitors from Lignin-Derived Phenol and PANI Composites with Good Electrical Conductivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108661. [PMID: 37240006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural polymer, lignin is only less abundant in nature than cellulose. It has the form of an aromatic macromolecule, with benzene propane monomers connected by molecular bonds such as C-C and C-O-C. One method to accomplish high-value lignin conversion is degradation. The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to degrade lignin is a simple, efficient and environmentally friendly degradation method. After degradation, the lignin is broken due to β-O-4 to produce phenolic aromatic monomers. In this work, lignin degradation products were evaluated as additives for the preparation of polyaniline conductive polymers, which not only avoids solvent waste but also achieves a high-value use of lignin. The morphological and structural characteristics of the LDP/PANI composites were investigated using 1H NMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and elemental analysis. The LDP/PANI nanocomposite provides a specific capacitance of 416.6 F/g at 1 A/g and can be used as a lignin-based supercapacitor with good conductivity. Assembled as a symmetrical supercapacitor device, it provides an energy density of 57.86 Wh/kg, an excellent power density of 952.43 W/kg and, better still, a sustained cycling stability. Thus, the combination of polyaniline and lignin degradate, which is environmentally friendly, amplifies the capacitive function on the basis of polyaniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiangdong Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingkang Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wanting Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chi Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Rabelo SC, Nakasu PYS, Scopel E, Araújo MF, Cardoso LH, Costa ACD. Organosolv pretreatment for biorefineries: Current status, perspectives, and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128331. [PMID: 36403910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biorefineries integrate processes for the sustainable conversion of biomass into chemicals, materials, and bioenergy so that resources are optimized and effluents are minimized. Despite the vast potential of lignocellulosic biorefineries, their success depends heavily on effective, economically viable, and sustainable biomass fractionation. Although efficient, organosolv pretreatment still faces challenges that must be overcome for its widespread utilization, mainly related to solvent type and recycling, robustness regarding biomass type and integration of hemicellulose recovery and use. This review shows the recent advances and state-of-the-art of organosolv pretreatment, discussing the advances, such as the use of biobased solvents, whilst also shedding light on the perspectives of using the streams - cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin - to produce biofuels and products of high added value. In addition, it presents an overview of the existing industrial implementations of organosolv processes and, lastly, shows the main scientific and industrial challenges and opportunities for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Cândida Rabelo
- School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Eupídio Scopel
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Henrique Cardoso
- School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho da Costa
- Chemical Engineering School in State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Exploration of Cucumber Waste as a Potential Biorefinery Feedstock. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of cucumber waste as a potential biorefinery feedstock is reported. Initially, extractives (essential oils) were isolated from cucumber waste via vacuum microwave hydro-distillation (VMHD). The yield and quality of the extractive were compared with respect to traditional hydro-distillation (HD). The essential oils were obtained over a range of microwave power (500, 750, 1000 W) and vacuum pressures (100, 200, 300 mbar). The highest quality (0.49 wt %) was obtained at a microwave irradiation power of 500 W and a vacuum of 300 mbar. VMHD is much quicker and more energy-efficient than HD. Within the context of a zero-waste biorefinery, the extractive-free residues were the solid residues from two different extraction methods were compared and characterized by ATR-IR, 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and CHN elemental analysis. The resultant residues are cellulosic-rich, and no significant changes were observed with VMHD and HD treatment. The results indicated that the utilization of these residues can provide an efficient, inexpensive, and environment-friendly platform for the production of cellulosic materials.
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Ma X, Ma J, Li M, Gu Y, Wang T. MnO2 oxidative degradation of lignin and electrochemical recovery study. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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