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Yadav B, Ravikanth M. Porphyrinoid framework embedded with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: new synthetic marvels. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1932-1960. [PMID: 38376865 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The highly conjugated tetrapyrrolic porphyrin macrocycle and its contracted and expanded congeners have been extensively used for a wide range of applications across diverse research domains because of their captivating and intriguing features. Over the years, the porphyrin framework and electronic properties of porphyrinoids have been modified and tuned by replacing one or more pyrrole ring(s) with five- and six-membered heterocycles/carbacycles, and their resulting properties have been explored. In recent times, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene and dibenzo[g,p]chrysene, have been used to replace one or more pyrrole rings of porphyrinoids, and resulting polycyclic-aromatic-embedded porphyrinoids show unique features that differ from those of other modified porphyrinoids. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the porphyrinoid macrocyclic framework induce different π-conjugation pathways in macrocycles, exhibit variable degrees of aromaticity from nonaromatic to aromatic and antiaromatic and provide a unique ligand environment to form stable coordination and organometallic complexes in which metals show uncommon oxidation states and unusual reactivity. This review presents an overview of the synthesis, coordination chemistry, structure and properties of various porphyrinoids with an embedded PAH that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Tian Z, Li H, Liu Z, Yang L, Zhang C, He J, Ai W, Liu Y. Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Improved Light Energy Capture Efficiency of Porphyrin Photosensitizers. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1274-1292. [PMID: 37407889 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered increasing attention in cancer treatment because of its advantages such as minimal invasiveness and selective destruction. With the development of PDT, impressive progress has been made in the preparation of photosensitizers, particularly porphyrin photosensitizers. However, the limited tissue penetration of the activating light wavelengths and relatively low light energy capture efficiency of porphyrin photosensitizers are two major disadvantages in conventional photosensitizers. Therefore, tissue penetration needs to be enhanced and the light energy capture efficiency of porphyrin photosensitizers improved through structural modifications. The indirect excitation of porphyrin photosensitizers using fluorescent donors (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) has been successfully used to address these issues. In this review, the enhancement of the light energy capture efficiency of porphyrins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejie Tian
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Lingyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Wenbin Ai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China.
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