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Sheshmani S, Mardali M, Shokrollahzadeh S, Bide Y. Starch-derived carbon quantum dots: Unveiling structural insights and photocatalytic potential as a bio-sourced metal-free semiconductor. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132535. [PMID: 38777015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The optical appeal and sustainability of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have led to these nanoparticles swiftly gaining attention and emerging as a new, multifunctional class of nanomaterials. This work centers on the hydrothermal preparation of CQDs utilizing starch, an abundant and renewable biopolymer, as the precursor. Extensive characterization via spectroscopy and microscopy techniques revealed that the starch-derived CQDs exhibit a spherical nanoscale morphology averaging a ∼ 4 nm diameter, demonstrating a red-orange photoluminescence emission. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopic analysis verified their semiconductor behavior, with an estimated direct band gap of 4.1 eV comparable to conventional semiconductors. The prepared CQDs demonstrated considerable promise as metal-free, semiconductor photocatalysts for degrading aqueous dye pollutants under UV irradiation. High photodegradation efficiencies of 45.11 %, 62.94 %, and 91.21 % were achieved for Acid Blue 21, Reactive Blue 94, and Reactive TB 133 dyes, respectively. Systematic investigations of critical process parameters like pH, CQDs dosage, dye concentration, and contact time provided vital insights into the photocatalytic mechanism. The bio-sourced CQD nanomaterials offer a sustainable pathway for effective environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sheshmani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahan Mardali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Shokrollahzadeh
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Bide
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
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2
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Meena S, Sethi M, Saini S, Kumar K, Saini P, Meena S, Kashyap S, Yadav M, Meena ML, Dandia A, Nirmal NK, Parewa V. Molecular surface-dependent light harvesting and photo charge separation in plant-derived carbon quantum dots for visible-light-driven OH radical generation for remediation of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants and real wastewater. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:756-770. [PMID: 38271811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the growing emphasis on eco-friendly nanomaterials as energy harvesters, scientists are actively searching for metal-free photocatalysts to be used in environmental remediation strategies. Developing renewable resource-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as the sole photocatalyst to harvest visible light for efficient pollutant degradation is crucial yet challenging, particularly for addressing the escalating issue of water deterioration. Moreover, the photocatalytic decomposition of H2O2 under visible light irradiation remains an arduous task. Based on this, we designed two types of CQDs, C-CQDs (carboxylic-rich) and A-CQDs (amine-rich) with distinct molecular surfaces. Owing to the higher amount of upward band bending induced by amine-rich molecular surface, A-CQDs efficiently harvest the visible light and prevent recombination kinetics resulting in prolonged lifetimes (25 ps), and augmented charge carrier density (35.7 × 1018) of photoexcited charge carriers. A-CQDs enabled rapid visible-light-driven photolysis of H2O2 (k = 0.058 min-1) and produced higher quantity of •OH radicals (0.158 μmol/sec) for the mineralization of petroleum waste, BETX (i.e. Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene and Xylene) (k = 0.017-0.026 min-1) and real textile wastewater (k = 0.026 min-1). To assess comparative toxicities of both remediated and non-remediated real wastewater samples in a time and dose depended manner, Drosophila melanogaster was used as a model organism. The findings unequivocally demonstrate the potential of remediated wastewater for watering urban forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Meena
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mukul Sethi
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Surendra Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Pratibha Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, Humboldt Str 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Swati Meena
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sunidhi Kashyap
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Monika Yadav
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mohan Lal Meena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru 575025, India
| | - Anshu Dandia
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Nirmal
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vijay Parewa
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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Kushwaha AK, Kamal A, Singh HK, Maury SK, Mondal T, Singh S. Photoinduced, Metal-Free Hydroacylation of Aromatic Alkynes for Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones via C(sp 3)-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2024; 26:1416-1420. [PMID: 38329826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite the notable advancements made over the past decade in achieving carbon-carbon bonds by transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling processes, metal-free cross-coupling reactions for hydroacylation of aromatic alkynes via C(sp3)-H functionalization are still rare and highly desired. Here we report a metal-free reliable approach for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones (chalcones) via C(sp3)-H functionalization using MeCN:H2O as green solvent, Eosin Y as organic photocatalyst, and ambient air as oxidant. More significantly, this strategy can effectively transform a variety of methyl arenes and aromatic alkynes into the desired product. With high atom efficiency, use of green solvents, metal-free nature, environmental friendliness, and visible light as a renewable energy source, this method is compatible with biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
| | - Arsala Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
| | - Himanshu Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
| | - Suresh Kumar Maury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
| | - Tusar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
| | - Sundaram Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India
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Saini S, Saini P, Kumar K, Sethi M, Meena P, Gurjar A, Dandia A, Dhuria T, Parewa V. Unlocking the Molecular Behavior of Natural Amine-Targeted Carbon Quantum Dots for the Synthesis of Diverse Pharmacophore Scaffolds via an Unusual Nanoaminocatalytic Route. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49083-49094. [PMID: 37819203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have significant catalytic potential, only emblematic applications that rely on simple acid-base or hydrogen-bonding activation pathways have been reported. In this study, natural amine-targeted CQDs (NAT-CQDs) have been successfully fabricated using a sustainable technique that harnesses a renewable green source. Based on a holistic sustainable assessment, the present approach for the synthesis of NAT-CQDs surpasses previously reported methods in terms of estimated circular and good-manufacturing-practice metrics. A set of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including FTIR, XPS, conductometric assay, pH titration, 19FNMR, and 13CNMR confirms the presence of the assessable amino-rich groups (0.0083N) at the surface of NAT-CQDs. The occurrence of surface amine groups unlocked the molecular behavior of as-prepared NAT-CQDs and makes them an unprecedented nanoaminocatalytic platform for the synthesis of diverse pharmacophore scaffolds (>40 examples) via a one-pot Knoevenagel/(aza) Michael addition reaction in water at room temperature. The assessable amine group can covalently activate carbonyl groups through nucleophilic iminium activation modes in water and facilitate the ability to build valuable and therapeutic scaffolds on a gram scale. By transferring significant molecular primacy at the frontier of nanoscale materials, NAT-CQDs can thus bridge the gap between the nanoscale and molecular domains. This protocol can also be applied for the preparation of therapeutic anticoagulant drugs, warfarin, and coumachlor. All the reactions exhibited a high atom economy, low E-factor, low process mass intensity (PMI), high reaction mass efficiency (RME), high carbon efficiency (CE), and high catalyst reusability with overall high sustainable values. NAT-CQDs show high recyclability, and the spectral data of reused catalysts indicate that the NAT-CQDs maintained their surface chemistry and electronic properties, suggesting their stability under the tested conditions. This study presents a remarkable instance of NAT-CQDs showcasing covalent catalysis. Expanding on the aforementioned design concept, the utilization of NAT-CQDs' "potential" as distinct colloidal organocatalysts in aqueous environments at the molecular level introduces valuable prospects for aminocatalytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Pratibha Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
- Institute Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Mukul Sethi
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Priyanka Meena
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Aditya Gurjar
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Anshu Dandia
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Tanya Dhuria
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Vijay Parewa
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
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Wang L, Weng S, Su S, Wang W. Progress on the luminescence mechanism and application of carbon quantum dots based on biomass synthesis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19173-19194. [PMID: 37362342 PMCID: PMC10288538 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02519e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of carbon-based materials, a variety of new materials have emerged one after another. Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) have succeeded in standing out from the crowd of new materials due to their better optical properties in biomedicine, ion detection, anti-counterfeiting materials and photocatalysis. In recent years, through the continuous exploration of CQDs, research scholars have found that the organic substances or heavy metals contained in traditional ones can cause irreversible harm to people and the environment. Therefore, the application of traditional CQDs in future studies will be gradually limited. Among various new materials, biomass raw materials have the merits of good biocompatibility, lower toxicity and green and environmental protection, which largely overcome the defects of traditional materials and have attracted many scholars to focus on the research and development of various biomass CQDs. This paper summarises the optical properties, fluorescence mechanisms, synthetic methods, functionalisation modulation of biomass CQDs and their relevant research progress in the fields of ion detection, bioimaging, biomedicine, biosensing, solar cells, anti-counterfeit materials, photocatalysis and capacitors. Finally, the paper concludes with some discussion of the challenges and prospects of this exciting and promising field of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, MinNan Science and Technology University Quanzhou 362332 China
| | - Shujia Weng
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, MinNan Science and Technology University Quanzhou 362332 China
| | - Shuai Su
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, MinNan Science and Technology University Quanzhou 362332 China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, MinNan Science and Technology University Quanzhou 362332 China
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