1
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Ali AA, You M. DNA-modulated dimerization and oligomerization of cell membrane receptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39190295 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
DNA-based nanostructures and nanodevices have recently been employed for a broad range of applications in modulating the assemblies and interaction patterns of different cell membrane receptors. These versatile nanodevices can be rationally designed with modular structures, easily programmed and tweaked such that they may act as smart chemical biology and cell biology tools to reveal insights into complicated cellular signaling processes. Their outstanding in vitro and cellular features have also begun to be further validated for some in vivo applications and demonstrated their great biomedical potential. In this review, we will highlight some key current advances in the molecular engineering and biological applications of DNA-based functional nanodevices, with a focus on how these tools have been used to respond and modulate membrane receptor dimerizations and/or oligomerizations, as a way to control cellular signaling processes. Some current challenges and future directions to further develop and apply these DNA nanodevices will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Ausaf Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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2
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Gong H, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Fang B, Li Y, Zhu X, Du Y, Peng P. NETosis-Inspired Cell Surface-Constrained Framework Nucleic Acids Traps (FNATs) for Cascaded Extracellular Recognition and Cellular Behavior Modulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319908. [PMID: 38693057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Upon pathogenic stimulation, activated neutrophils release nuclear DNA into the extracellular environment, forming web-like DNA structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which capture and kill bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as NETosis. Inspired by this, we introduce a cell surface-constrained web-like framework nucleic acids traps (FNATs) with programmable extracellular recognition capability and cellular behavior modulation. This approach facilitates dynamic key chemical signaling molecule recognition such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is elevated in the extracellular microenvironment, and triggers FNA self-assembly. This, in turn, leads to in situ tightly interwoven FNAs formation on the cell surface, thereby inhibiting target cell migration. Furthermore, it activates a photosensitizer-capturing switch, chlorin e6 (Ce6), and induces cell self-destruction. This cascade platform provides new potential tools for visualizing dynamic extracellular activities and manipulating cellular behaviors using programmable in situ self-assembling DNA molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangsheng Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Bowen Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi Du
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Pai Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
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3
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Geng H, Zhi S, Zhou X, Yan Y, Zhang G, Dai S, Lv S, Bi S. Self-Powered Engineering of Cell Membrane Receptors to On-Demand Regulate Cellular Behaviors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7895-7902. [PMID: 38913401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
On-demand engineering of cell membrane receptors to nongenetically intervene in cellular behaviors is still a challenge. Herein, a membraneless enzyme biofuel cell-based self-powered biosensor (EBFC-SPB) was developed for autonomously and precisely releasing Zn2+ to initiate DNAzyme-based reprogramming of cell membrane receptors, which further mediates signal transduction to regulate cellular behaviors. The critical component of EBFC-SPB is a hydrogel film on a biocathode which is prepared using a Fe3+-cross-linked alginate hydrogel film loaded with Zn2+ ions. In the working mode in the presence of glucose/O2, the hydrogel is decomposed due to the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+, accompanied by rapid release of Zn2+ to specifically activate a Zn2+-responsive DNAzyme nanodevice on the cell surface, leading to the dimerization of homologous or nonhomologous receptors to promote or inhibit cell proliferation and migration. This EBFC-SPB platform provides a powerful "sensing-actuating-treating" tool for chemically regulating cellular behaviors, which holds great promise in precision biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangcheng Zhi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Senquan Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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4
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Wang Y, Xiong Y, Shi K, Effah CY, Song L, He L, Liu J. DNA nanostructures for exploring cell-cell communication. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4020-4044. [PMID: 38444346 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00944k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The process of coordinating between the same or multiple types of cells to jointly execute various instructions in a controlled and carefully regulated environment is a very appealing field. In order to provide clearer insight into the role of cell-cell interactions and the cellular communication of this process in their local communities, several interdisciplinary approaches have been employed to enhance the core understanding of this phenomenon. DNA nanostructures have emerged in recent years as one of the most promising tools in exploring cell-cell communication and interactions due to their programmability and addressability. Herein, this review is dedicated to offering a new perspective on using DNA nanostructures to explore the progress of cell-cell communication. After briefly outlining the anchoring strategy of DNA nanostructures on cell membranes and the subsequent dynamic regulation of DNA nanostructures, this paper highlights the significant contribution of DNA nanostructures in monitoring cell-cell communication and regulating its interactions. Finally, we provide a quick overview of the current challenges and potential directions for the application of DNA nanostructures in cellular communication and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yamin Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kangqi Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Clement Yaw Effah
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Lulu Song
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Leiliang He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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5
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Morihiro K, Morita S, Harada N, Baba M, Yum J, Naito M, Miyata K, Nagae G, Okamoto A. RNA Oncological Therapeutics: Intracellular Hairpin RNA Assembly Enables MicroRNA-Triggered Anticancer Functionality. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1346-1355. [PMID: 38170469 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics are of global interest because of their versatility in targeting a variety of intracellular and extracellular biomolecules. In that context, long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been studied as an antitumor agent that activates the immune response. However, its performance is constrained by poor cancer selectivity and cell-penetration ability. Here, we designed and synthesized an oncolytic RNA hairpin pair (oHP) that was selectively cytotoxic toward cancer cells expressing abundant oncogenic microRNA-21 (miR-21). Although the structure of each hairpin RNA was thermodynamically metastable, catalytic miR-21 input triggered it to open to generate a long nicked dsRNA. We demonstrated that oHP functioned as a cytotoxic amplifier of information in the presence of miR-21 in various cancer cells and tumor-bearing mice. This work represents the first example of the use of short RNA molecules as build-up-type anticancer agents that are triggered by an oncogenic miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Morihiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shunto Morita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Manami Baba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jongmin Yum
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Chen X, Yang Q, Kong W, Ge Y, He J, Yan A, Li D. High spatial-resolved heat manipulating membrane heterogeneity alters cellular migration and signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312603120. [PMID: 37983503 PMCID: PMC10691225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312603120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane heterogeneity is a key biophysical regulatory principle of membrane protein dynamics, which further influences downstream signal transduction. Although extensive biophysical and cell biology studies have proven membrane heterogeneity is essential to cell fate, the direct link between membrane heterogeneity regulation to cellular function remains unclear. Heterogeneous structures on plasma membranes, such as lipid rafts, are transiently assembled, thus hard to study via regular techniques. Indeed, it is nearly impossible to perturb membrane heterogeneity without changing plasma membrane compositions. In this study, we developed a high-spatial resolved DNA-origami-based nanoheater system with specific lipid heterogeneity targeting to manipulate the local lipid environmental temperature under near-infrared (NIR) laser illumination. Our results showed that the targeted heating of the local lipid environment influences the membrane thermodynamic properties, which further triggers an integrin-associated cell migration change. Therefore, the nanoheater system was further applied as an optimized therapeutic agent for wound healing. Our strategy provides a powerful tool to dynamically manipulate membrane heterogeneity and has the potential to explore cellular function through changes in plasma membrane biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Qianyun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Wenyan Kong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201210, China
| | - Yifan Ge
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201210, China
| | - Jie He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, China
| | - An Yan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Di Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, China
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7
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Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhao L, Hu J, Du Y, Peng X, Liu Z. In situ stimulus-responsive self-assembled nanomaterials for drug delivery and disease treatment. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3197-3217. [PMID: 37376926 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The individual motifs that respond to specific stimuli for the self-assembly of nanomaterials play important roles. In situ constructed nanomaterials are formed spontaneously without human intervention and have promising applications in bioscience. However, due to the complex physiological environment of the human body, designing stimulus-responsive self-assembled nanomaterials in vivo is a challenging problem for researchers. In this article, we discuss the self-assembly principles of various nanomaterials in response to the tissue microenvironment, cell membrane, and intracellular stimuli. We propose the applications and advantages of in situ self-assembly in drug delivery and disease diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on in situ self-assembly at the lesion site, especially in cancer. Additionally, we introduce the significance of introducing exogenous stimulation to construct self-assembly in vivo. Based on this foundation, we put forward the prospects and possible challenges in the field of in situ self-assembly. This review uncovers the relationship between the structure and properties of in situ self-assembled nanomaterials and provides new ideas for innovative drug molecular design and development to solve the problems in the targeted delivery and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yimin Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xingxing Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P. R. China
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8
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Morihiro K, Osumi H, Morita S, Hattori T, Baba M, Harada N, Ohashi R, Okamoto A. Oncolytic Hairpin DNA Pair: Selective Cytotoxic Inducer through MicroRNA-Triggered DNA Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:135-142. [PMID: 36538570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Artificial nucleic acids have attracted much attention as potential cancer immunotherapeutic materials because they are recognized by a variety of extracellular and intracellular nucleic acid sensors and can stimulate innate immune responses. However, their low selectivity for cancer cells causes severe systemic immunotoxicity, making it difficult to use artificial nucleic acid molecules for immune cancer therapy. To address this challenge, we herein introduce a hairpin DNA assembly technology that enables cancer-selective immune activation to induce cytotoxicity. The designed artificial DNA hairpins assemble into long nicked double-stranded DNA triggered by intracellular microRNA-21 (miR-21), which is overexpressed in various types of cancer cells. We found that the products from the hairpin DNA assembly selectively kill miR-21-abundant cancer cells in vitro and in vivo based on innate immune activation. Our approach is the first to allow selective oncolysis derived from intracellular DNA self-assembly, providing a powerful therapeutic modality to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Morihiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiraki Osumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shunto Morita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takara Hattori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Manami Baba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Riuko Ohashi
- Histopathology Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Zhan J, Liu Z, Liu R, Zhu JJ, Zhang J. Near-Infrared-Light-Mediated DNA-Logic Nanomachine for Bioorthogonal Cascade Imaging of Endogenous Interconnected MicroRNAs and Metal Ions. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16622-16631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Chen Y, Shi S. Advances and prospects of dynamic DNA nanostructures in biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30310-30320. [PMID: 36337940 PMCID: PMC9590593 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of DNA nanotechnology, the emergence of stimulus-responsive dynamic DNA nanostructures (DDNs) has broken many limitations of static DNA nanostructures, making precise, remote, and reversible control possible. DDNs are intelligent nanostructures with certain dynamic behaviors that are capable of responding to specific stimuli. The responsible stimuli of DDNs include exogenous metal ions, light, pH, etc., as well as endogenous small molecules such as GSH, ATP, etc. Due to the excellent stimulus responsiveness and other superior physiological characteristics of DDNs, they are now widely used in biomedical fields. For example, they can be applied in the fields of biosensing and bioimaging, which are able to detect biomarkers with greater spatial and temporal precision to help disease diagnosis and live cell physiological function studies. Moreover, they are excellent intelligent carriers for drug delivery in treating cancer and other diseases, achieving controlled release of drugs. And they can promote tissue regeneration and regulate cellular behaviors. Although some challenges need further study, such as the practical value in clinical applications, DDNs have shown great potential applications in the biomedical field. With the rapid development of DNA nanotechnology, the emergence of stimulus-responsive dynamic DNA nanostructures (DDNs) has great potential applications in the biomedical field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041P. R. China
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