Vessel effects in organic chemical reactions; a century-old, overlooked phenomenon

Electronically Ambivalent Hydrodefluorination of Aryl‐CF3 groups enabled by Electrochemical Deep‐Reduction on a Ni Cathode

We report a general procedure for the direct mono- and di-hydrodefluorination of ArCF3 compounds. Exploiting the tunability of electrochemistry and the selectivity enabled by a Ni cathode, the deep reduction garners high selectivity with good to excellent yields up to gram scale. The late-stage peripheral editing of CF3 feedstocks to construct fluoromethyl moieties will aid the rapid diversification of lead-compounds and compound libraries.

Targeting Tumor Microenvironment by Metal Peroxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy

Solid tumors have a unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes hypoxia, low acidity, and high hydrogen peroxide and glutathione (GSH) levels, among others. These unique factors, which offer favourable microenvironments and nourishment for tumor development and spread, also serve as a gateway for specific and successful cancer therapies. A good example is metal peroxide structures which have been synthesized and utilized to enhance oxygen supply and they have shown great promise in the alleviation of hypoxia. In a hypoxic environment, certain oxygen-dependent treatments such as photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy fail to respond and therefore modulating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been found to enhance the antitumor impact of certain drugs. Under acidic environments, the hydrogen peroxide produced by the reaction of metal peroxides with water not only induces oxidative stress but also produces additional oxygen. This is achieved since hydrogen peroxide acts as a reactive substrate for molecules such as catalyse enzymes, alleviating tumor hypoxia observed in the tumor microenvironment. Metal ions released in the process can also offer distinct bioactivity in their own right. Metal peroxides used in anticancer therapy are a rapidly evolving field, and there is good evidence that they are a good option for regulating the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy. In this regard, the synthesis and mechanisms behind the successful application of metal peroxides to specifically target the tumor microenvironment are highlighted in this review. Various characteristics of TME such as angiogenesis, inflammation, hypoxia, acidity levels, and metal ion homeostasis are addressed in this regard, together with certain forms of synergistic combination treatments.

trans-Carbonylchloridobis(triethylphosphane-κP)platinum(II) tetrafluoridoborate

The chemical formulation of the title compound was established as trans-[PtCl{P(C2H5)3(CO)}BF4 by single-crystal X-ray analysis, in contrast to the five-coordinate tetrafluoroethylene complex that had been anticipated. The compound had been prepared by reaction of trans-PtHCl(P(C2H5)3)2 with C2F4 in the absence of air, and the presence of the carbonyl group was not suspected. The square-planar cations and BF4 − anions are linked by C—H...F and C—H...O interactions into thick wavy (010) sheets. The present crystal-structure refinement is based on the original intensity data recorded in 1967.