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Ren Y, Li Z, Li X, Su J, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhou J, Ji C, Zhu S, Yu M. The Influence of Thermal Parameters on the Self-Nucleation Behavior of Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) during Secondary Thermoforming. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:890. [PMID: 38399144 PMCID: PMC10890424 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
During the secondary thermoforming of carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) composites, a vital material for the aerospace field, varied thermal parameters profoundly influence the crystallization behavior of the PPS matrix. Notably, PPS exhibits a distinctive self-nucleation (SN) behavior during repeated thermal cycles. This behavior not only affects its crystallization but also impacts the processing and mechanical properties of PPS and CF/PPS composites. In this article, the effects of various parameters on the SN and non-isothermal crystallization behavior of PPS during two thermal cycles were systematically investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the SN behavior was not affected by the cooling rate in the second thermal cycle. Furthermore, the lamellar annealing resulting from the heating process in both thermal cycles affected the temperature range for forming the special SN domain, because of the refined lamellar structure, and expelled various defects. Finally, this study indicated that to control the strong melt memory effect in the first thermal cycle, both the heating rate and processing melt temperature need to be controlled simultaneously. This work reveals that through collaborative control of these parameters, the crystalline morphology, crystallization temperature and crystallization rate in two thermal cycles are controlled. Furthermore, it presents a new perspective for controlling the crystallization behavior of the thermoplastic composite matrix during the secondary thermoforming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhouyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiayu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chengchang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Candau N, Zimny A, Vives E, Maspoch ML. Elastocaloric Waste/Natural Rubber Materials with Various Crosslink Densities. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112566. [PMID: 37299363 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the mechanical behavior of elastocaloric materials is essential to identify their viability in heating/cooling devices. Natural rubber (NR) is a promising elastocaloric (eC) polymer as it requires low external stress to induce a wide temperature span, ΔT. Nonetheless, solutions are needed to further improve DT, especially when targeting cooling applications. To this aim, we designed NR-based materials and optimized the specimen thickness, the density of their chemical crosslinks, and the quantity of ground tire rubber (GTR) used as reinforcing fillers. The eC properties under a single and cyclic loading conditions of the resulting vulcanized rubber composites were investigated via the measure of the heat exchange at the specimen surface using infrared thermography. The highest eC performance was found with the specimen geometry with the lowest thickness (0.6 mm) and a GTR content of 30 wt.%. The maximum temperature span under single interrupted cycle and multiple continuous cycles were equal to 12 °C and 4 °C, respectively. These results were assumed to be related to more homogeneous curing in these materials and to a higher crosslink density and GTR content which both act as nucleating elements for the strain-induced crystallization at the origin of the eC effect. This investigation would be of interest for the design of eC rubber-based composites in eco-friendly heating/cooling devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Candau
- Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials (CEM), Escola d'Enginyeria Barcelona-Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adele Zimny
- Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials (CEM), Escola d'Enginyeria Barcelona-Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Vives
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluïsa Maspoch
- Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials (CEM), Escola d'Enginyeria Barcelona-Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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