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Chen H, Tang Z, Yang Y, Hao Y, Chen W. Recent Advances in Photoswitchable Fluorescent and Colorimetric Probes. Molecules 2024; 29:2521. [PMID: 38893396 PMCID: PMC11173890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the research of photoswitchable probes. These probes undergo reversible structural and electronic changes upon light exposure, thus exhibiting vast potential in molecular detection, biological imaging, material science, and information storage. Through precisely engineered molecular structures, the photoswitchable probes can toggle between "on" and "off" states at specific wavelengths, enabling highly sensitive and selective detection of targeted analytes. This review systematically presents photoswitchable fluorescent and colorimetric probes built on various molecular photoswitches, primarily focusing on the types involving photoswitching in their detection and/or signal response processes. It begins with an analysis of various molecular photoswitches, including their photophysical properties, photoisomerization and photochromic mechanisms, and fundamental design concepts for constructing photoswitchable probes. The article then elaborates on the applications of these probes in detecting diverse targets, including cations, anions, small molecules, and biomacromolecules. Finally, it offers perspectives on the current state and future development of photoswitchable probes. This review aims to provide a clear introduction for researchers in the field and guidance for the design and application of new, efficient fluorescent and colorimetric probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zilong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yewen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wansong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
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Yao K, Liu H, Fang B, Xia C, Gu L, Fang L, Zhu H, Pan J, Zhang G. Design and application of a novel "turn-on" fluorescent probe for imaging sulfite in living cells and inflammation models. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107305. [PMID: 38537335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Sulfite is one of the main existing forms of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in living system, which has been recognized as an endogenous mediator in inflammation. Evidence has accumulated to show that abnormal level of sulfite is associated with many inflammatory diseases, including neurological diseases and cancers. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe named QX-OA was designed and synthesized to detect sulfite. QX-OA was constructed by choosing quinolinium-xanthene as the fluorophore and levulinate as the specific and relatively steady recognition reaction. The probe showed remarkable green turn-on signal at 550 nm, together with high sensitivity (90-fold) and excellent selectivity to sulfite over other possible interfering species. In the meantime, QX-OA was successfully applied to visualize endogenous and exogenous sulfite in Hela cells. In the LPS-induced inflammation model, QX-OA could visualize the dose-dependent increase of sulfite level (0-2 mg/mL). Consequently, QX-OA was determined to be a potential method for detecting sulfite in pre-clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yao
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Binbin Fang
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China
| | - Congyang Xia
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China
| | - Lingmin Gu
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China
| | - Haohao Zhu
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China.
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, China.
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Kan B, Li L, Hou J, Liu S, Tian Z, Sun Q. Eu-doped carbon quantum dot as a selective probe for visualizing and monitoring sulfite in biological systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1292136. [PMID: 38144538 PMCID: PMC10748433 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1292136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of SO3 2- in complex environments and its visualization at the cellular level are critical for understanding its role in biological processes. In this study, we developed an Eu-doped long-wavelength fluorescent carbon quantum dot (CD2) and investigated the detection mechanism, interference effects and cellular imaging applications of the fluorescent probe CD2. The results show that the addition of SO3 2- induces an electronic rearrangement that restores CD2 to its original structure, leading to a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity. Selectivity experiments showed that CD2 has excellent selectivity to SO3 2-, with minimal interference from common anions. In addition, CD2 shows good biocompatibility for cellular imaging applications, as evidenced by the high cell viability observed in HeLa cells. Using confocal microscopy, we detected a significant enhancement of red fluorescence in HeLa cells after addition of exogenous SO3 2-, demonstrating the potential of CD2 as a probe for monitoring cellular SO3 2- levels. These findings highlight the promise of CD2 as a selective SO3 2- detection probe in complex environments and its utility in cellular imaging studies. Further studies are necessary to fully exploit the potential of CD2 in various biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenwei Tian
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianchuang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Sardari N, Abdollahi A, Farokhi Yaychi M. Chameleon-like Photoluminescent Janus Nanoparticles as Full-Color Multicomponent Organic Nanoinks: Combination of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Photochromism for Encryption and Anticounterfeiting with Multilevel Authentication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38035478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the security by the multilevel authentication mechanism was the most significant challenge in recent years for the development of anticounterfeiting inks based on photoluminescent nanomaterials. For this purpose, the greatest strategy is the use of multicomponent organic materials and a combination of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) with the intelligent behavior of photochromic compounds like spiropyran. Here, the hydroxyl-functionalized polymer nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in different compositions (0-30 wt % of HEMA). Results illustrated that the size of the nanoparticles changed from 64 to 204 nm, and a morphology evolution from spherical to Janus shape was observed by increasing the concentration of HEMA. Photoluminescent inks with red, green, and blue (RGB) fluorescence emissions were prepared by modification of nanoparticles containing 15 wt % of HEMA with spiropyran, fluorescein, and coumarin, respectively. To develop dual-color and multicolor photoluminescent inks that display static and dynamic emission, RGB latex samples were mixed together in different ratios and printed on cellulosic paper. Results display that the fluorescence emission of developed inks can be photoswitched between different statuses, including white to blue, green to blue, green to red/orange, purple to pink, and white to pink, utilizing the FRET phenomenon, photochromism, and a combination of both phenomena. Samples containing spiropyran displayed dynamic color changes in the emission to red, orange, and pink depending on the composition. Hence, developed dual-color and multicolor photoluminescent inks were used for printing of security tags and also painting of some hand-drawn artworks, which obtained results indicating high printability, maximum fluorescence intensity, high resolution, and fast responsivity upon UV-light irradiations of 254 nm (for static mode) and 365 nm (for dynamic mode). In addition, the multilevel authentication mechanism by a static emission under UV-light irradiation of 254 nm, a dynamic emission under UV-light irradiation of 365 nm, and photochromic color change was observed, resulting in increasing the security of developed inks. Actually, developed multicolor photoluminescent inks are the most efficient candidates for developing a new category of chameleon-like high-security anticounterfeiting inks that have tunable optical properties and complex multilevel authentication mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sardari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Amin Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farokhi Yaychi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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Du Y, Pan C, Cao C. A mitochondria-targetable fluorescent probe for sulfur dioxide detection and visualisation in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122275. [PMID: 36580753 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a one of reactive sulfur species (RSS) that plays significant roles in many physiological processes. While abnormal levels of SO2 in mitochondria have been related to various diseases. Hence, developing suitable fluorescent probe for monitoring SO2 is significant in living organisms. In this research, we designed and synthesized a mitochondrial-target probe Mito-NPH featuring the graft of a strong electron-withdrawing 4-pyridiniumylacrylonitrile unit to an electron-donating naphthalenic unit that intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process happened. The probe Mito-NPH underwent a nucleophilic addition of HSO3-/SO32-to give fluorescent emission signal change from red to blue and exhibited specific response toward HSO3-/SO32-over other analytes. Moreover, Mito-NPH showed ultrafast response rate (within 10 s) for HSO3-. Importantly, cell imaging results demonstrated that the probe can sense endogenous SO2 in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Du
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China.
| | - Caixia Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China
| | - Chunjuan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China
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Feng G, Zhai P, Li Z, Fan M, Jiang Y, Qiao N, Chen R, Tang S, Xu Z, Wang X, Lin G, Yang C, Ying M, Dong B, Shao Y, Xu G. In-situ Construction of Fluorescent Probes for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection in Mitochondria and Lysosomes with On-demand Modular Assembling and Double Turn-on Features. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shi YS, Yang DD, Zheng HW, Liang QF, Fang YH, Xiao T, Zheng XJ. Solvent-Modulated Self-Assembly of Naphthalenediimide-Based Cd(II) Complexes and the Controllable Photochromism via Conformational Isomerization. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15973-15982. [PMID: 36173106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rational regulation of the properties of photochromic materials is a challenging and meaningful work. In the present work, NDI-based complexes, namely, [Cd0.5(NDI)(HBDC)]·H2O (1) and a series of conformational isomers of {[Cd(NDI)0.5(BDC)]·MeCN}n (2), were synthesized by varying the solvent conditions (H2BDC = terephthalic acid, NDI = N,N'-bis(3-pyridylcarbonylhydrazine)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide). Complex 1 exhibits a 0D mononuclear structure without photochromic behavior due to the bad conjugation of the naphthalene diimide moiety. The conformational isomers of complex 2 manifest a 3D network, showing ultra-fast photo-induced intermolecular electron transfer photochromic behavior under X-ray, UV, and visible light. However, they show different photochromic rates and coloring contrast upon photoirradiation, which originates from their difference in the distances of lone pair(COO)···π(NDI). This was realized via controlling the solvent ratio in the reaction system. In addition, compared to UV/X-ray light, 2 exhibits greater sensitivity to visible light and is an organic-inorganic hybrid material with photomodulated luminescence. Based on the excellent performance, complex 2 can be applied to filter paper, showing potential applications as an inkless printing medium and selective perception of ammonia and amine vapors in the solid state via different visual color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Han-Wen Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qiong-Fang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hui Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Jun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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