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Hu J, Wang T, Xu J, Hai J, Ji Y, Li R. Dual-emission red carbon dots for ATP real-time monitoring and quantification to reveal drug and cancer effects on lysosomes. Talanta 2024; 280:126671. [PMID: 39128312 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring and quantifying ATP levels in vivo is essential to understanding its role as a signaling molecule in tumor progression and therapy. Nevertheless, the real-time monitoring and quantitative assessment of lysosomal ATP remains challenging due to the lack of accurate tools in deep tissues. In this study, based on the crosslinking enhanced emission (CEE) effect, we successfully synthesized red carbon dots (R-CDs) with dual emission properties for efficient quantification of intracellular ATP. The R-CDs emit in the near-infrared range and target lysosomes with rapid detection capabilities, rendering them exceptionally well-suited for directly observing and analyzing the dynamics of lysosomal ATP through live cell imaging techniques. Importantly, R-CDs have proven their efficacy in real-time monitoring of drug stimulus-induced fluctuations in endogenous lysosomal ATP concentration and have also been employed for quantifying and distinguishing lysosomal ATP levels among normal and cancer cell lines. These noteworthy findings emphasize the versatility of the R-CD as a valuable imaging tool for elucidating the functional role of lysosomal ATP in drug screening and cancer diagnostics and hold the promise of becoming a reference tool for deepening our understanding of drug mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianmiao Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingyuan Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Hai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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Li M, Lei P, Shuang S, Dong C, Zhang L. Visualization of polarity changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) autophagy and rheumatoid arthritis mice with near-infrared ER-targeted fluorescent probe. Talanta 2024; 275:126141. [PMID: 38677168 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The crucial cellular activities for maintaining normal cell functions heavily rely on the polarity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Understanding how the polarity shifts, particularly in the context of ER autophagy (ER-phagy), holds significant promise for advancing knowledge of disorders associated with ER stress. Herein, a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe CDI was easily synthesized from the condensation reaction of coumarin and dicyanoisophorone. CDI was composed of coumarin as the electron-donating moiety (D), ethylene and phenyl ring as the π-conjugation bridge, and malononitrile as the electron-accepting moiety (A), forming a typical D-π-A molecular configuration that recognition in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The findings suggested that as the polarity increased, the fluorescence intensity of CDI decreased, and it was accompanied by a redshift of emission wavelength at the excitation wavelength of 524 nm, shifting from 641 nm to 721 nm. Significantly, CDI exhibited a notable ability to effectively target ER and enabled real-time monitoring of ER-phagy induced by starvation or drugs. Most importantly, alterations in polarity can be discerned through in vivo imaging in mice model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CDI has been proven effective in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of drugs for RA. ER fluorescent probe CDI can be optically activated in lysosomes, providing a sensitive tool for studying ER-phagy in biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Li
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Province Clinical Theranostics Technology Innovation Center for Immunologic and Rheumatic Diseases, Shanxi Province Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Disease(Rheumatic diseases), Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Province Clinical Theranostics Technology Innovation Center for Immunologic and Rheumatic Diseases, Shanxi Province Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Disease(Rheumatic diseases), Taiyuan, 030032, China.
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3
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Zhang C, Wu G. Recent advances in fluorescent probes for ATP imaging. Talanta 2024; 279:126622. [PMID: 39089081 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a critical biological molecule that functions as the primary energy currency within cells. ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondria, and variations in its concentration can significantly influence mitochondrial and cellular performance. Prior studies have established a link between ATP levels and a variety of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, ischemia, and hypoglycemia. Consequently, researchers have developed many fluorescent probes for ATP detection, recognizing the importance of monitoring intracellular ATP levels to understand cellular processes. These probes have been effectively utilized for visualizing ATP in living cells and biological samples. In this comprehensive review, we categorize fluorescent sensors developed in the last five years for ATP detection. We base our classification on fluorophores, structure, multi-response channels, and application. We also evaluate the challenges and potential for advancing new generations of fluorescence imaging probes for monitoring ATP in living cells. We hope this summary motivates researchers to design innovative and effective probes tailored to ATP sensing. We foresee imminent progress in the development of highly sophisticated ATP probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory and Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Guanzhao Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China.
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4
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Mei L, Liao K, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Li Q, Li M. Application of Nanomaterials and Related Drug Delivery Systems in Autophagy. Molecules 2024; 29:3513. [PMID: 39124918 PMCID: PMC11313712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal self-degradation pathway, plays a critical role in cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous damaged organelles and protein aggregates into recyclable biological molecules. Additionally, it detoxifies extracellular toxic substances, including drugs and toxic materials, thereby preserving the stability of the intracellular environment. The swift progression of nanotechnology has led to an increased focus on understanding the relationship between nanomaterials and autophagy. The effects of various nanomaterials and nano drug delivery systems on autophagy and their biological functions have been preliminarily assessed, revealing that modulation of intracellular autophagy levels by these agents represents a novel cellular response mechanism. Notably, autophagy regulation based on nanomaterials or nano drug delivery systems for a range of diseases is currently the subject of extensive research. Given the close association between autophagy levels and tumors, the regulation of autophagy has emerged as a highly active area of research in the development of innovative tumor therapies. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the application of nanomaterials or nano drug delivery systems on autophagy and their potential biological functions, suggesting a new avenue for nanomaterial-based autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mei
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.M.)
| | - Kai Liao
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.M.)
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.M.)
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.M.)
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.M.)
| | - Qiangwei Li
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (L.M.)
| | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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5
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Duan X, Tong Q, Fu C, Chen L. Lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes: Design mechanism and biological applications. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106832. [PMID: 37683542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
As an integral organelle in the eukaryote, the lysosome is the degradation center and metabolic signal center in living cells, and partakes in significant physiological processes such as autophagy, cell death and cellular senescence. Fluorescent probe has become a favorite tool for studying organelles and their chemical microenvironments because of its high specificity and non-destructive merits. Over recent years, it has been reported that increasingly new lysosome-targeted probes play a major role in the diagnosis and monitor of diseases, in particular cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In order to deepen the relevant research on lysosome, it is challenging and inevitability to design novel lysosomal targeting probes. This review first introduces the concepts of lysosome and its closely related biological activities, and then introduces the fluorescent probes for lysosome in detail according to different detection targets, including targeting mechanism, biological imaging, and application in diseases. Finally, we summarize the specific challenges and discuss the future development direction facing the current lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes. We hope that this review can help biologists grasp the application of fluorescent probes and broaden the research ideas of researchers targeting fluorescent probes so as to design more accurate and functional probes for application in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Duan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Oncology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chengxiao Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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6
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Liu Y, Li J, Huang H, Shu Y. A fluorescent probe for imaging nitroreductase with signal amplification in high-viscosity environments. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9509-9515. [PMID: 37740378 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a fluorescent probe ENBT for in vitro detection of nitroreductase (NTR) as well as imaging intracellular NTR. ENBT itself is non-fluorescent and it could be catalyzed by NTR to generate a viscosity-sensitive fluorophore EBT. The fluorescence intensity of EBT could be further enhanced in cancer cells with relatively high viscosity due to the inhibition of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer effect. The probe ENBT has a good response to NTR with a detection limit of 36.8 ng mL-1, and EBT has a good response to viscosity. Furthermore, different concentrations of NTR (0-1.4 μg mL-1) were used to react with the probe and the reaction systems were subjected to different viscosity solutions, and the fluorescence signals of the products in the viscosity range of 45.86-163.60 cP were increased up to 1.69-fold. ENBT was successfully used to image NTR in cells under different hypoxic conditions as well as in Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, lipopolysaccharide was added to stimulate an increase in cellular viscosity after ENBT was catalyzed by intracellular NTR into EBT, and the fluorescence signals were observed to increase by 1.72-fold. The signal amplification capability gives ENBT higher sensitivity and immunity to interference. Moreover, it has the advantages of mitochondrial targeting, large Stokes shift (190 nm), high selectivity, and can be easily synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Hongjin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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7
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Hou MJ, Wang ZQ, Chen JT, Tan ZK, Mao GJ, Chen DH, Li Y, Li CY. A dual-channel fluorescent nanoprobe for accurate cancer diagnosis by sequential detection of adenosine triphosphate and sulfur dioxide. Talanta 2023; 265:124815. [PMID: 37348355 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major diseases that seriously endanger the health of all mankind. Accurate diagnosis of early cancer is the most promising way to reduce cancer harm and improve patient survival. However, many developed fluorescent probes for cancer imaging only have the function of identifying one marker, which cannot meet the needs of accurate diagnosis. Here, a fluorescent nanoprobe (CPH@ZIF-90) utilizing ZIF-90 to encapsulate SO2-sensitive dye (CPH) is synthesized for the sequential detection of ATP and SO2. The nanoprobe first interacts with ATP to release CPH, thus increasing the fluorescence at 685 nm and realizing the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence detection of ATP. Then, SO2 acts on the released CPH through nucleophilic addition, affecting the π-conjugated structure of CPH and resulting in enhanced fluorescence at 580 nm. CPH@ZIF-90 exhibits satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity for sequential detection of ATP and SO2. Excitedly, CPH@ZIF-90 can sequentially image the endogenous ATP and SO2 in cells, showing sensitive fluorescence changes in dual channels (red and green). Due to the NIR emission properties of CPH@ZIF-90 and its ability to enrich in tumor, it is applied to monitor ATP and SO2 in mice and distinguish normal mice from tumor mice. The ability of CPH@ZIF-90 to sequentially detect two cancer-related biomarkers makes it provide meaningful assistance in accurate early diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jia Hou
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Jun-Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ke Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Guo-Jiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Dong-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Yongfei Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China.
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China.
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8
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Zhang S, Zheng H, Yang L, Li Z, Yu M. NIR Mitochondrial Fluorescent Probe for Visualizing SO 2/Polarity in Drug Induced Inflammatory Mice. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5377-5383. [PMID: 36913654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
SO2 and polarity are important microenvironmental parameters in cells, which are closely related to physiological activities in organisms. The intracellular levels of SO2 and polarity are abnormal in inflammatory models. To this end, a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe BTHP that can simultaneously detect SO2 and polarity was studied. BTHP can sensitively detect polarity change with emission peak change from 677 to 818 nm. BTHP can also detect SO2 with fluorescence change from red to green. After addition of SO2, the fluorescence emission intensity ratio I517/I768 of the probe increased by about 33.6 times. BTHP can determine bisulfite in single crystal rock sugar with high recovery rate (99.2%-101.7%). Fluorescence imaging of cells showed that BTHP could better target mitochondria and monitor exogenous SO2 in A549 cells. More importantly, BTHP has been successfully used for dual channel monitoring SO2 and polarity in drug-induced inflammatory cells and mice. In particular, the probe showed increased green fluorescence with the generation of SO2 and increased red fluorescence with the decrease of polarity in inflammatory cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hongyong Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhanxian Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Li Y, Wang W, Wang J, Cheng Q, Huang W, Li K, Lan M, Wang B, Song X. Construction of Rhodamine-Based Conjugated Polymer Sensing Platform for Ratiometric Detection of ATP. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Weiling Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jingpei Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Minhuan Lan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Benhua Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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Yin N, Lin B, Huo F, Shu Y, Wang J. Nanothermometer with Temperature Induced Reversible Emission for Evaluation of Intracellular Thermal Dynamics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12111-12119. [PMID: 36000825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temperature dynamics reflect the physiological state of cells, and accurate measurement of intracellular temperature helps to understand the biological processes. Herein, we report a novel nanothermometer by conjugating a fluorescent probe 3-ethyl-2-[4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)styryl]benzothiazol-3-ium iodide (TPEBT) with a thermoresponsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-tetrabutylphosphonium styrenesulfonate) [P(NIPAM-co-TPSS)]. The derived nanoprobe TPEBT-P(NIPAM-co-TPSS) self-assembles into micelles with TPEBT as hydrophobic core and PNIPAM as hydrophilic shell. It exhibits aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at λex/λem = 420/640 nm in aqueous medium with a quantum yield of ΦF 11.9%. The rise in temperature transforms PNIPAM chains from linear to compact spheres to serve as the core of micelles, and meanwhile converts TPEBT from the state of aggregation to dispersion and redistributes in the micellar shell. Temperature-driven phase transition of P(NIPAM-co-TPSS) mediates the reversible aggregation and disaggregation of TPEBT and endows the nanothermometer with temperature-dependent AIE features and favorable sensitivity for temperature sensing in 32-40 °C. TPEBT-P(NIPAM-co-TPSS) is taken up by HeLa cells to distribute mainly in lysosomes. It enables quantitative visualization of in situ thermal dynamics in response to stimuli from carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, oligomycin, genipin, and lipopolysaccharide. The real-time monitoring of photothermal-induced intracellular temperature variation is further conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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