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Wen Y, Li J, Gong W, Yu Z, Wang H, Lu S, Li H, Wang J, Sun B. A Smartphone-Integrated Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor for the Ultrasensitive and Selective Detection of 5-Heneicosylresorcinol in Whole Wheat Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:21276-21286. [PMID: 39284571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Precise on-site monitoring of alkylresorcinols, a vital biomarker, is crucial for verifying whole wheat foods and accurately quantifying the whole wheat content in various consumer and industrial products. Herein, for the first time, we introduce a novel ratiometric fluorescence sensor (CDs@ZIF-8/CdTe@MIP) for ultrasensitive and selective detection of alkylresorcinols. 5-Heneicosylresorcinol (C21:0 AR), the primary alkylresorcinol homologue in whole wheat grains, was selected as the target analyte. This analyte was specifically and selectively recognized by the incorporation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer. Within this nanoreactor, blue-emitting carbon dots embedded in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (CDs@ZIF-8) and orange-emitting CdTe quantum dots served as the self-calibration signal and response signal, respectively. Exploiting a photoinduced electron transfer effect between CdTe and C21:0 AR, the established fluorescence sensor exhibited remarkable sensing performance, offering wide linear responses in 0.005-1 μg·mL-1 and 1-80 μg·mL-1 concentration ranges, and achieving a low detection limit of 1.14 ng·mL-1. The proposed assay effectively detected C21:0 AR in real samples, including 8 whole wheat foods and 19 whole wheat grains, demonstrating good recoveries and relative standard deviation. Furthermore, an intelligent sensing platform was established by integrating CDs@ZIF-8/CdTe@MIP with a smartphone-assisted device, thus validating the feasibility of visual and on-site monitoring of C21:0 AR. Because of its rapid response, portability, cost-effectiveness, superior sensitivity, and high selectivity, the proposed sensor serves as a reliable method for the analysis of C21:0 AR, thus having substantial potential for on-site monitoring of whole wheat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weiwei Gong
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhenjia Yu
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shiyi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
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Khan B, Zhang J, Durrani S, Wang H, Nawaz A, Durrani F, Ye Y, Wu FG, Lin F. Carbon-Dots-Mediated Improvement of Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:47257-47269. [PMID: 39216005 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of new microbicidal compounds has become a top priority due to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogenic microbes. In this study, blue-emitting and positively charged carbon dots (CDs), called Du-CDs, were fabricated for the first time utilizing the natural product extract of endophyte Diaporthe unshiuensis YSP3 as raw material through a one-step solvothermal method, which possessed varied functional groups including amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfite groups. Interestingly, Du-CDs exhibited notably enhanced antimicrobial activities toward both bacteria and fungi as compared to the natural product extract of YSP3, with low minimum inhibitory concentrations. Moreover, Du-CDs significantly inhibited the formation of biofilms. Du-CDs bound with the microbial cell surface via electronic interaction or hydrophobic interaction entered the microbial cells and were distributed fully inside the cells. Du-CDs caused cell membrane damage and/or cell division cycle interruption, resulting in microbial cell death. Moreover, Du-CDs exhibited an improved antimicrobial effect and accelerated wound healing ability with good biocompatibility in the mouse model. Overall, we demonstrate that the formation of CDs from fungal natural products presents a promising and potential means to develop novel antimicrobial agents with great fluorescence, improved microbiocidal effect and wound healing capacity, and good biosafety for combating microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Samran Durrani
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ali Nawaz
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Faisal Durrani
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fengming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
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Minervini G, Panniello A, Dibenedetto CN, Madonia A, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Striccoli M. Exploring Carbon Dots: Green Nanomaterials for Unconventional Lasing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403653. [PMID: 39165080 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the progress toward lighting miniaturization is focused on luminescent nanomaterials. Among them, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are receiving increasing attention thanks to their astonishing optical properties complemented by their intrinsic biocompatibility and low toxicity. The CDs can be easily dispersed in water, organic solvents or incorporated in polymeric matrices, preserving their emission properties. However, the relationship between their structural and optical properties is still not fully elucidated, motivating a consistent research effort for the comprehension of their features. Nevertheless, CDs demonstrate to be efficient gain materials for lasing, thanks to their high quantum yield (QY), emission tunability in the visible and near infrared (NIR) range, short lifetimes, and high absorption cross section, even if the synthetic reproducibility, the low reaction yield and the spectral width of the emission may limit their effective exploitation. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the investigation of the characteristic properties of CDs that make laser action possible, illustrating optical geometries for lasing and random lasing, both in solution and solid state, and the few currently demonstrated breakthroughs. While the journey toward their effective application is still long, the potential of CD-based laser sources is promising in various technological fields and futuristic perspectives will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Madonia
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "E. Segré", University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Bari Research Unit, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Bari Research Unit, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Bari Research Unit, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
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Jin X, Zheng M. Orange carbon dots based smart sensing platforms for rapid, visual, quantitative identification of sodium copper chlorophyllin. Talanta 2024; 275:126090. [PMID: 38642544 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
A highly affordable, sensitive and portable detection platform for the quantitative identification of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) in food and environment is a crucial need. Even though many carbon dots (CDs) based sensors have been developed, few reports on using CDs as optical probes for SCC detection have been published so far. In this paper, orange luminescent CDs (OLCDs) were prepared via solvothermal method, which have high fluorescence quantum yield (27.20 %) and excellent photostability. OLCDs can detect SCC via inner filter effect (IFE), with fast response, high selectivity, outstanding sensitivity and superior anti-interference ability. Benefiting from the remarkable properties of OLCDs, a portable sensing platform was triumphantly constructed, which facilitated the in situ, real-time quantitative determination of SCC in diverse actual samples, by catching the fluorescence change of OLCDs-based paper sensors via smartphone RGB colorimetric analysis. This first CDs-based smart sensing system displays great potential for quantification of SCC in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China.
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Deng X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Miao C, Zheng Y, Huang J, Chen Y, Weng S. A facile fluorescence method for the effective detection of ampicillin using antioxidant carbon dots with specific fluorescent response to ˙OH. Analyst 2024; 149:3651-3660. [PMID: 38814120 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring methods for beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics, especially for ampicillin (AMP), with simple operation and sensitivity for realtime applications are highly required. To address this need, antioxidant carbon dots (E-CDs) with excellent fluorescence properties were synthesized using citric acid and ethylenediamine as raw materials. With a quantum yield of 81.97%, E-CDs exhibited a specific and sensitive response to ˙OH. The quenched fluorescence of E-CDs by the formed ˙OH could be restored through a competition reaction with AMP. Leveraging the signal-quenching strategy of E-CDs, H2O2, and Fe2+, a fluorescence signal-on strategy was developed using AMP as the fluorescence recovery agent for the sensitive detection of AMP. The mechanism of the quenching of E-CDs by ˙OH was attributed to the damaging effect of ˙OH on E-CDs. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit of this method for AMP was determined to be 0.38 μg mL-1. This method was successful in drug quality control and the spiked detection of AMP in lake water, milk, and sea cucumber, presenting a viable option for convenient and rapid antibiotic monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China.
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China.
| | - Chenfang Miao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China.
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China.
| | - Jiyue Huang
- The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Team of the PLA, Fuzhou General Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Team of the PLA, Fuzhou General Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
| | - Shaohuang Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China.
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Shi W, Guan L, Ren X, Zhang J, Luo T, Liu C, Lan Y, Chen Z, Chen X, Li X. Effect of aggregation configuration of molecular fluorophore CZA on photoluminescence properties of carbon dots. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:213-224. [PMID: 38176231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The effect of aggregation configuration of molecular fluorophore citrazinic acid (CZA) on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of carbon dots (CDs) has been investigated using first-principles method. The structural stability of all aggregates has been analyzed, and the results show that the most stable structures are J-type CZA aggregates with head-to-tail configurations and the CZA/CD aggregates are bonded by replacing H atoms on the CD edges with de-OH from the pyridine ring of CZA. The luminescent properties of CZA/CD aggregates are mainly affected by the binding modes and binding sites. When the sites belong to electron-donating groups, electron-withdrawing groups or sp2 domain, the PL spectra of CDs are shifted and the luminescent intensities are significantly enhanced. The results suggest that covalently bonded CZA/CD aggregates are responsible for the high fluorescence quantum yield of CD. Moreover, the distance between the centers of the two pyridine rings in H-type CZA dimers less than 3.5 Å is prone to π-π stacking, leading to fluorescence quenching of aggregates. The present work is helpful in understanding the effect of molecular fluorophores on the PL properties of CDs and provides theoretical guidance for the controllable synthesis of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicai Shi
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Li Guan
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China.
| | - Xiaojie Ren
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Jianen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Chunzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Youshi Lan
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, PR China
| | - Zhijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Division of Energy, Matter, and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri - Kansas City, KS, MO 64110, United States.
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China.
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Wang H, Qiu H, Xie C, Zhu J. A New Zn(II) Compound: Luminescent Property and Promoting Knee Cartilage Repair by Modulating Iron Death. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03530-7. [PMID: 38055141 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrothermal reactions of bis{6-{5-methyl-1 H,7 H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one}}methane (L) and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O at 180 ℃ afforded a novel Zn(II) coordination polymer (CP), that is, {[Zn2(L)(µ2-O)2]·3H2O}n (1), which further characterized via Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), elemental analysis (EA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Besides, this CP reveals strong luminescence that may be caused by the charge transfer within the ligand. In biological study, the new compound was evaluated for its protective effect on chondrocytes. This compound significantly up-regulated GPX4 and down-regulated HO-1 mRNA levels, thereby inhibiting iron death in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hongjiu Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chuanjiang Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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Yang Z, Xu T, Li H, She M, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Li J. Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials for Fluorescent Sensing and Imaging. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11047-11136. [PMID: 37677071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest and play key roles in scientific innovations in diverse fields. In particular, increased attention has been focused on carbon-based nanomaterials exhibiting diverse extended structures and unique properties. Among these materials, zero-dimensional structures, including fullerenes, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanodiamonds, and carbon dots, possess excellent bioaffinities and superior fluorescence properties that make these structures suitable for application to environmental and biological sensing, imaging, and therapeutics. This review provides a systematic overview of the classification and structural properties, design principles and preparation methods, and optical properties and sensing applications of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Recent interesting breakthroughs in the sensitive and selective sensing and imaging of heavy metal pollutants, hazardous substances, and bioactive molecules as well as applications in information encryption, super-resolution and photoacoustic imaging, and phototherapy and nanomedicine delivery are the main focus of this review. Finally, future challenges and prospects of these materials are highlighted and envisaged. This review presents a comprehensive basis and directions for designing, developing, and applying fascinating fluorescent sensors fabricated based on zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for specific requirements in numerous research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao She
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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