Thermo-responsive palladium-ruthenium nanozyme synergistic photodynamic therapy for metastatic breast cancer management

Recent trends in the design and delivery strategies of ruthenium complexes for breast cancer therapy

As the most frequent and deadly type of cancer in women, breast cancer has a high propensity to spread to the brain, bones, lymph nodes, and lungs. The discovery of cisplatin marked the beginning of the development of anticancer metal-based medications, although the drug's severe side effects have limited its usage in clinical settings. The remarkable antimetastatic and anticancer activity of different ruthenium complexes such as NAMI-A, KP1019, KP1339, etc. reported in the 1980s has bolstered the discovery of ruthenium complexes with various types of ligands for anticancer applications. The review meticulously elucidates the cytotoxic and antimetastatic potential of reported ruthenium complexes against breast cancer cells. Notably, arene-based and cyclometalated ruthenium complexes emerge as standout candidates, showcasing remarkable potency with notably low IC50 values. These findings underscore the promising therapeutic avenues offered by ruthenium-based compounds, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by conventional treatments in refractory or aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Moreover, the review comprehensively integrates a spectrum of ruthenium complexes, spanning traditional metal complexes to nano-based formulations and light-activated variants, underscoring the versatility and adaptability of ruthenium chemistry in breast cancer therapy.

Peroxidase activity of a Cu-Fe bimetallic hydrogel and applications for colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid

A Cu-Fe bimetallic hydrogel (2-QF-CuFe-G) was constructed through a simple method. The 2-QF-CuFe-G metallohydrogel possesses excellent peroxidase-like activity to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2. The catalytic mechanism was confirmed by the addition of •OH radical scavenger isopropyl alcohol (IPA), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and ˙OH trapping agent terephthalic acid (TA). Remarkably, the resultant blue ox-TMB system can be used to selectively and sensitively detect ascorbic acid (AA) with an LOD of 0.93 μM in the range of 4-36 μM through the colorimetric method. Moreover, the assay based on the 2-QF-CuFe-G metallohydrogel can be successfully applied to detect AA in fresh fruits.

Critical PDT Theory VII: The Saga of Ruthenium

Recent studies involving photosensitizing agents containing ruthenium (Ru) are interpreted as an indication that this approach might be useful for treatment of bladder cancer. The absorbance spectrum of such agents tends to be limited to wavelengths < 600 nm. While this can spare underlying tissues from photodamage, this will limit applications to instances where only a thin layer of malignant cells is present. Among the more potentially interesting results is a protocol that uses only Ru nanoparticles. Other issues in Ru-based photodynamic therapy are discussed including the limited absorbance spectrum, questions relating to methodology and a general lack of details concerning localization and death pathways.