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Luo D, Zhu XW, Zhou XP, Li D. Covalent Post-Synthetic Modification of Metal-Organic Cages: Concepts and Recent Progress. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400020. [PMID: 38293757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are supramolecular coordination complexes that have internal cavities for hosting guest molecules and exhibiting various properties. However, the functions of MOCs are limited by the choice of the building blocks. Post-synthetic modification (PSM) is a technique that can introduce new functional groups and replace existing ones on the MOCs without changing their geometry. Among many PSM methods, covalent PSM is a promising approach to modify MOCs with tailored structures and functions. Covalent PSM can be applied to either the internal cavity or the external surface of the MOCs, depending on the functionality expected to be customized. However, there are still some challenges and limitations in the field of covalent PSM of MOCs, such as the balance between the stability of MOCs and the harshness of organic reactions involved in covalent PSMs. This concept article introduces the organic reaction types involved in covalent PSM of MOCs, their new applications after modification, and summarizes and provides an outlook of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
- Guangdong Rare Earth Photofunctional Materials Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
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Dey A, Dworzak MR, Korathotage KDP, Ghosh M, Hoq J, Montone CM, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Increasing the stability of calixarene-capped porous cages through coordination sphere tuning. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4005-4009. [PMID: 38314611 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chemically and thermally stable permanently porous coordination cages are appealing candidates for separations, catalysis, and as the porous component of new porous liquids. However, many of these applications have not turned to microporous cages as a result of their poor solubility and thermal or hydrolytic stability. Here we describe the design and modular synthesis of iron and cobalt cages where the carboxylate groups of the bridging ligands of well-known calixarene capped coordination cages have been replaced with more basic triazole units. The resultingly higher M-L bond strengths afford highly stable cages that are amenable to modular synthetic approaches and potential functionalization or modification. Owing to the robust nature of these cages, they are highly processable and are isolable in various physical states with tunable porosity depending on the solvation methods used. As the structural integrity of the cages is maintained upon high activation temperatures, apparent losses in porosity can be mediated by resolvation and crystallization or precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Dey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - Munmun Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Jahidul Hoq
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Christine M Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Hernández-López L, von Baeckmann C, Martínez-Esaín J, Cortés-Martínez A, Faraudo J, Caules C, Parella T, Maspoch D, Carné-Sánchez A. (Bio)Functionalisation of Metal-Organic Polyhedra by Using Click Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301945. [PMID: 37523177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of Metal-Organic Polyhedra (MOPs) is crucial to their physicochemical properties because it governs how they interact with external substances such as solvents, synthetic organic molecules, metal ions, and even biomolecules. Consequently, the advancement of synthetic methods that facilitate the incorporation of diverse functional groups onto MOP surfaces will significantly broaden the range of properties and potential applications for MOPs. This study describes the use of copper(I)-catalysed, azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reactions to post-synthetically modify the surface of alkyne-functionalised cuboctahedral MOPs. To this end, a novel Rh(II)-based MOP with 24 available surface alkyne groups was synthesised. Each of the 24 alkyne groups on the surface of the "clickable" Rh-MOP can react with azide-containing molecules at room temperature, without compromising the integrity of the MOP. The wide substrate catalogue and orthogonal nature of CuAAC click chemistry was exploited to densely functionalise MOPs with diverse functional groups, including polymers, carboxylic and phosphonic acids, and even biotin moieties, which retained their recognition capabilities once anchored onto the surface of the MOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hernández-López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Esaín
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Cortés-Martínez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Faraudo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Caterina Caules
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Carné-Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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