1
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Zhou W, Li Y, Partridge BE, Mirkin CA. Engineering Anisotropy into Organized Nanoscale Matter. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39315621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Programming the organization of discrete building blocks into periodic and quasi-periodic arrays is challenging. Methods for organizing materials are particularly important at the nanoscale, where the time required for organization processes is practically manageable in experiments, and the resulting structures are of interest for applications spanning catalysis, optics, and plasmonics. While the assembly of isotropic nanoscale objects has been extensively studied and described by empirical design rules, recent synthetic advances have allowed anisotropy to be programmed into macroscopic assemblies made from nanoscale building blocks, opening new opportunities to engineer periodic materials and even quasicrystals with unnatural properties. In this review, we define guidelines for leveraging anisotropy of individual building blocks to direct the organization of nanoscale matter. First, the nature and spatial distribution of local interactions are considered and three design rules that guide particle organization are derived. Subsequently, recent examples from the literature are examined in the context of these design rules. Within the discussion of each rule, we delineate the examples according to the dimensionality (0D-3D) of the building blocks. Finally, we use geometric considerations to propose a general inverse design-based construction strategy that will enable the engineering of colloidal crystals with unprecedented structural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhou
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanwei Li
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Benjamin E Partridge
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Li J, Yu X, Zhang J, Jin J, Pan Y, Ji X, Jiang W. Well-Ordered Nanoparticles/Block Copolymer Nanosheets with a Controllable Location of Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39049156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Precisely controlling the spatial distributions and arrangements of metal nanoparticles (NPs) into block copolymers is of great importance for fabricating novel nanomaterials with the desired optical and electronic properties. Herein, we develop a simple yet versatile strategy to prepare organic/inorganic nanosheets formed by the coassembly of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) and PS tethered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@PS) within emulsion droplets. The arrangement of the AuNPs@PS building blocks within the block copolymers (BCP)/AuNPs nanosheets can be adjusted by tuning the effective size ratio (λeff), which can be controlled by the core diameter of the AuNPs and the molecular weight of the PS. Furthermore, the content of the AuNPs is also another essential parameter to manipulate the structures of the nanosheets with the specific λeff. Thus, the BCP/AuNPs hybrid nanosheets with controllable distributions and arrangements of the AuNPs were successfully prepared via tuning of λeff and the content of AuNPs. This study provides a facile way to fabricate well-ordered hybrid nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yanxiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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3
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Liu X, Kong K, Wang J, Liu Z, Tang R. Molecular Weight-Dependent Physiochemical Behaviors of Calcium Carbonate Chains. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5905-5913. [PMID: 38809103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of physiochemical behaviors by changing molecular weights is an important cornerstone of polymer physics. However, similar correlations between molecular weights and properties have not been discovered in inorganic ionic compounds. In this work, we prepared a calcium carbonate specimen with a semiflexible chain topology analogous to those of polymers. The molecular weights of the calcium carbonate chains, which ranged from 3400 to 54 100 Da, were directly correlated to their physiochemical behaviors, including gel point, zero shear viscosity, and plateau modulus. The calcium carbonate chains showed similar polymeric characteristics, including shear thinning, thixotropy, entropic elasticity, and viscoelasticity. These features agreed with recent theories and formulas in polymer physics textbooks. On the basis of this understanding, the mechanical properties of calcium carbonate-based gels could be altered by changing their molecular weights. This study could represent a fusion of inorganic chemistry and polymer physics with similar molecular weight-dependent behaviors and material properties, establishing an alternative pathway for designing future inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kangren Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ding R, Zhang K, Guo H, Lin Y. Self-Assembled Nanocarrier Delivery Systems for Bioactive Compounds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310838. [PMID: 38214694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Although bioactive compounds (BCs) have many important functions, their applications are greatly limited due to their own defects. The development of nanocarriers (NCs) technology has gradually overcome the defects of BCs. NCs are equally important as BCs to some extent. Self-assembly (SA) methods to build NCs have many advantages than chemical methods, and SA has significant impact on the structure and function of NCs. However, the relationship among SA mechanism, structure, and function has not been given enough attention. Therefore, from the perspective of bottom-up building mechanism, the concept of SA-structure-function of NCs is emphasized to promote the development of SA-based NCs. First, the conditions and forces for occurring SA are introduced, and then the SA basis and molecular mechanism of protein, polysaccharide, and lipid are summarized. Then, varieties of the structures formed based on SA are introduced in detail. Finally, facing the defects of BCs and how to be well solved by NCs are also elaborated. This review attempts to describe the great significance of constructing artificial NCs to deliver BCs from the aspects of SA-structure-function, so as to promote the development of SA-based NCs and the wide application of BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100089, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, 462300, China
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Elizebath D, Vedhanarayanan B, Dhiman A, Mishra RK, Ramachandran CN, Lin TW, Praveen VK. Spontaneous Curvature Induction in an Artificial Bilayer Membrane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403900. [PMID: 38459961 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining lipid asymmetry across membrane leaflets is critical for functions like vesicular traffic and organelle homeostasis. However, a lack of molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms underlying membrane fission and fusion processes in synthetic systems precludes their development as artificial analogs. Here, we report asymmetry induction of a bilayer membrane formed by an extended π-conjugated molecule with oxyalkylene side chains bearing terminal tertiary amine moieties (BA1) in water. Autogenous protonation of the tertiary amines in the periphery of the bilayer by water induces anisotropic curvature, resulting in membrane fission to form vesicles and can be monitored using time-dependent spectroscopy and microscopy. Interestingly, upon loss of the induced asymmetry by extensive protonation using an organic acid restored bilayer membrane. The mechanism leading to the compositional asymmetry in the leaflet and curvature induction in the membrane is validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Studies extended to control molecules having changes in hydrophilic (BA2) and hydrophobic (BA3) segments provide insight into the delicate nature of molecular scale interactions in the dynamic transformation of supramolecular structures. The synergic effect of hydrophobic interaction and the hydrated state of BA1 aggregates provide dynamicity and unusual stability. Our study unveils mechanistic insight into the dynamic transformation of bilayer membranes into vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Elizebath
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Angat Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand (NITUK), Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - C N Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Tsung-Wu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Vakayil K Praveen
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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6
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Gao L. Anti-Entropy Aggregation of Minority Groups in Polymers: Design and Applications. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300638. [PMID: 38032334 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Minority groups are non-repeating units with very low content that inevitably exist in polymers. Typically, these minority groups are easily surrounded by the majority of repeating units and randomly dispersed, maximizing the entropy of minority groups. In the concept, anti-entropy aggregation (AEA) of minority groups is described, and different pathways are outlined. They are polymer crystallization-driven AEA, supramolecular interaction-induced AEA, phase separation-confined AEA, and hierarchical interactions-driven AEA. Typical applications of AEA materials are also presented, including fluorescence probes, self-healing materials, ion transporting regulation, and osmotic energy conversion. The concept of AEA is expected to inspire the fabrication of novel functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longcheng Gao
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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7
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Zhu G, Gao L, Sun Y, Wei W, Yan LT. Non-equilibrium structural and dynamic behaviors of active polymers in complex and crowded environments. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:054601. [PMID: 38608453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad3e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Active matter systems, which convert internal chemical energy or energy from the environment into directed motion, are ubiquitous in nature and exhibit a range of emerging non-equilibrium behaviors. However, most of the current works on active matter have been devoted to particles, and the study of active polymers has only recently come into the spotlight due to their prevalence within living organisms. The intricate interplay between activity and conformational degrees of freedom gives rise to novel structural and dynamical behaviors of active polymers. Research in active polymers remarkably broadens diverse concepts of polymer physics, such as molecular architecture, dynamics, scaling and so on, which is of significant importance for the development of new polymer materials with unique performance. Furthermore, active polymers are often found in strongly interacting and crowded systems and in complex environments, so that the understanding of this behavior is essential for future developments of novel polymer-based biomaterials. This review thereby focuses on the study of active polymers in complex and crowded environments, and aims to provide insights into the fundamental physics underlying the adaptive and collective behaviors far from equilibrium, as well as the open challenges that the field is currently facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Zhu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihang Sun
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Tang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wei XH, Wu ZP, Peng A, Zhang XA, Merlitz H, Forest MG, Wu CX, Cao XZ. Depletion Strategies for Crystallized Layers of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets to Enhance Lithium-Ion Conductivity in Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:453-460. [PMID: 38552169 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The assembly of long-range aligned structures of two-dimensional nanosheets (2DNSs) in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is in urgent need for the design of nanoelectronics and lightweight energy-storage materials of high conductivity for electricity or heat. These 2DNS are thin and exhibit thermal fluctuations, leading to an intricate interplay with polymers in which entropic effects can be exploited to facilitate a range of different assemblies. In molecular dynamics simulations of experimentally studied 2DNSs, we show that the layer-forming crystallization of 2DNSs is programmable by regulating the strengths and ranges of polymer-induced entropic depletion attractions between pairs of 2DNSs, as well as between single 2DNSs and a substrate surface, by exclusively tuning the temperature and size of the 2DNS. Enhancing the temperature supports the 2DNS-substrate depletion rather than crystallization of 2DNSs in the bulk, leading to crystallized layers of 2DNSs on the substrate surfaces. On the other hand, the interaction range of the 2DNS-2DNS depletion attraction extends further than the 2DNS-substrate attraction whenever the 2DNS size is well above the correlation length of the polymers, which results in a nonmonotonic dependence of the crystallization layer on the 2DNS size. It is demonstrated that the depletion-tuned crystallization layers of 2DNSs contribute to a conductive channel in which individual lithium ions (Li ions) migrate efficiently through the PNCs. This work provides statistical and dynamical insights into the balance between the 2DNS-2DNS and 2DNS-substrate depletion interactions in polymer-2DNS composites and highlights the possibilities to exploit depletion strategies in order to engineer crystallization processes of 2DNSs and thus to control electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Wei
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Pei Wu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Peng
- School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ao Zhang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Holger Merlitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Departments of Mathematics, Applied Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3250, United States
| | - Chen-Xu Wu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Zheng Cao
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Dai X, Habib MA, Gao L, Chen W, Wei W, Tang Z, Qi X, Gong X, Jiang L, Yan LT. Unconventionally fast transport through sliding dynamics of rodlike particles in macromolecular networks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:525. [PMID: 38225267 PMCID: PMC10789817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Transport of rodlike particles in confinement environments of macromolecular networks plays crucial roles in many important biological processes and technological applications. The relevant understanding has been limited to thin rods with diameter much smaller than network mesh size, although the opposite case, of which the dynamical behaviors and underlying physical mechanisms remain unclear, is ubiquitous. Here, we solve this issue by combining experiments, simulations and theory. We find a nonmonotonic dependence of translational diffusion on rod length, characterized by length commensuration-governed unconventionally fast dynamics which is in striking contrast to the monotonic dependence for thin rods. Our results clarify that such a fast diffusion of thick rods with length of integral multiple of mesh size follows sliding dynamics and demonstrate it to be anomalous yet Brownian. Moreover, good agreement between theoretical analysis and simulations corroborates that the sliding dynamics is an intermediate regime between hopping and Brownian dynamics, and provides a mechanistic interpretation based on the rod-length dependent entropic free energy barrier. The findings yield a principle, that is, length commensuration, for optimal design of rodlike particles with highly efficient transport in confined environments of macromolecular networks, and might enrich the physics of the diffusion dynamics in heterogeneous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Md Ahsan Habib
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiu Tang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyu Qi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxiang Jiang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li-Tang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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