1
|
Guo J, Tang Z, Dai H, Liu D, He Z, Cheng X, Zhang W. Odd-even effect in chiral side-chain cyanobiphenyl block copolymer assemblies prepared by polymerization-induced chiral self-assembly. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39028144 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02532f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The precise control of the chirality of polymer assemblies is a challenge faced by scientists and has received significant attention in recent years. In this study, we employed the polymerization-induced chiral self-assembly (PICSA) method to create chiral side-chain cyanobiphenyl (CB) block copolymer (BCP) assemblies. The flexible spacers in chiral CB monomers were regulated to exhibit two distinct odd-even effects in the supramolecular asymmetrical arrangement of the CB mesogens inside BCP assemblies. The research results indicated that the liquid crystalline properties of CB mesogens significantly influence the magnitude and sign of their chiroptical properties. These findings have significant implications for the design of polymer assemblies with designable chiroptical functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Guo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zeyu Tang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Hongbin Dai
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Dongdong Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Zixiang He
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma P, Venugopal A, Verdi CM, Roger MS, Calò A, Kumar M. Heparin binding induced supramolecular chirality into the self-assembly of perylenediimide bolaamphiphile. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39016812 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is one of the hallmarks of biomolecules. Herein, we utilize heparin, a chiral biomolecule and potent drug, to induce chiral organization into the assembly of an achiral molecule. Polyanionic heparin binds with a dicationic perylenediimide derivative to induce supramolecular helical organization in aqueous medium as well as in a highly competitive cell culture medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Akhil Venugopal
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Calle Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Martínez Verdi
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mauri Serra Roger
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Annalisa Calò
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Calle Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Calle Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Veedu RM, Fernández Z, Bäumer N, Albers A, Fernández G. Pathway-dependent supramolecular polymerization by planarity breaking. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10745-10752. [PMID: 39027305 PMCID: PMC11253169 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In controlled supramolecular polymerization, planar π-conjugated scaffolds are commonly used to predictably regulate stacking interactions, with various assembly pathways arising from competing interactions involving side groups. However, the extent to which the nature of the chromophore itself (planar vs. non-planar) affects pathway complexity requires clarification. To address this question, we herein designed a new BOPHY dye 2, where two oppositely oriented BF2 groups induce a disruption of planarity, and compared its supramolecular polymerization in non-polar media with that of a previously reported planar BODIPY 1 bearing identical substituents. The slightly non-planar structure of the BOPHY dye 2, as evident in previously reported X-ray structures, together with the additional out-of-plane BF2 group, allow for more diverse stacking possibilities leading to two fiber-like assemblies (kinetic 2A and thermodynamic 2B), in contrast to the single assembly previously observed for BODIPY 1. The impact of the less rigid, preorganized BOPHY core compared to the planar BODIPY counterpart is also reflected in the stronger tendency of the former to form anisotropic assemblies as a result of more favorable hydrogen bonding arrays. The structural versatility of the BOPHY core ultimately enables two stable packing arrangements: a kinetically controlled antiparallel face-to-face stacking (2A), and a thermodynamically controlled parallel slipped packing (2B) stabilized by (BF2) F⋯H (meso) interactions. Our findings underscore the significance of planarity breaking and out-of-plane substituents on chromophores as design elements in controlled supramolecular polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasitha Manha Veedu
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Antonia Albers
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 Münster 48149 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu Y, Hu Y, Ning C, Shi W, Yang A, Zhao Y, Cao ZY, Xu Y, Du P. BINOL-Based Chiral Macrocycles and Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407034. [PMID: 38708741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Chirality, a fundamental principle in chemistry, biology, and medicine, is prevalent in nature and in organisms. Chiral molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, are crucial in biomolecular synthesis, as well as in the development of functional materials. Among these, 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol (BINOL) stands out for its stable chiral configuration, versatile functionality, and commercial availability. BINOL is widely employed in asymmetric catalysis and chiral materials. This review mainly focuses on recent research over the past five years concerning the use of BINOL derivatives for constructing chiral macrocycles and cages. Their contributions to chiral luminescence, enantiomeric separation, transmembrane transport, and asymmetric catalysis were examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Yaning Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Chengbing Ning
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Wudi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Ao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Gandul L, Rodríguez R, Vanthuyne N, Crassous J, Sánchez L. Supramolecular polymerization of [6]helicene-based cyano-luminogens: on the overall efficiency of self-assembled circularly polarized emitters. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13041-13049. [PMID: 38916870 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of the [6]helicene-based luminophores 1 and 2 is reported. These chiral systems, endowed with cyano-stilbene fragments, form supramolecular polymers by the operation of intermolecular H-bonding interactions between the amides present in the peripheral side chains. The dissimilar disubstitution of 1 and 2 plays a crucial role in their self-assembling features. Thus, 1 does not show an efficient π-stacking of the central aromatic moiety. Instead, its self-assembling process results in a zig-zag arrangement of the monomeric units to form the aggregated species. On the other hand, 2 presents an efficient overlap of the aromatic backbones that affords a co-facial arrangement of the monomeric units. The solvent-dependent studies indicate that both [6]helicenes self-assemble following a cooperative supramolecular polymerization mechanism with a higher degree of cooperativity and stability for compound 2. The enantioenriched samples of both 1 and 2 display a rich dichroic pattern that changes when the supramolecular polymerization takes place. Furthermore, the presence of the cyano-stilbene moieties gives rise to an aggregation induced emission effect. The inherent chirality of both the monomeric and aggregated species of 1 and 2 provides the systems with CPL-emitting properties, presenting a remarkable overall CPL-efficiency, quantified by the BCPL parameter, that increases upon supramolecular polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia López-Gandul
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) e Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 35000, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ravikumar AK, Nishimura T, Taniguchi T, Maeda K. Optically active poly(diphenylacetylene)s showing solvent-dependent helix inversion accompanied by modulation of helix inversion barriers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38984457 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Symmetrically substituted poly(diphenylacetylene)s bearing optically active 2-octyloxycarbonyl groups at the para-positions of the pendant phenyl rings not only show a unique solvent-dependent helix inversion to afford diastereomeric right- and left-handed helical polymers but also significant unprecedented solvent-dependent changes in the helix inversion barrier of the polymer backbone resulting in switching between static or dynamic behavior of the helical polymers at approximately room temperature depending on the solvents used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abilesh Kumar Ravikumar
- Division of Nano Life Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maeda M, De Feyter S, Tahara K. Chiral Solvent-Induced Homochiral Hierarchical Molecular Assemblies at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38982679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We herein investigate the formation of homochiral hierarchical self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) via chirality induction by the coadsorption of a chiral solvent at the liquid/graphite interface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In a mixture of achiral solvents, 1-hexanoic acid, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, an achiral dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) derivative with three alkoxy and three hydroxy groups in an alternating manner forms chiral hierarchical triangular cluster structures through dynamic self-sorting. Enantiomorphous domains appear in equal probability. On the other hand, in chiral 2-methyl-1-hexanoic acid as a solvent, this molecule produces (i) homochiral small triangular clusters at a low solute concentration, (ii) a chirality-biased hierarchical structure consisting of triangular cluster structures with different cluster sizes at a medium concentration, and (iii) a dense structure with no chirality bias at a high concentration. We attribute the concentration-dependent degree of the chirality transmission to the number of coadsorbed solvent molecules in the SAMNs and to the difference in nucleus structure and size in the initial stage of the SAMN formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matsuhiro Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khamrui R, Mukherjee A, Ghosh S. Hydrogen-Bonding-Regulated Morphology Control and the Impact on the Antibacterial Activity of Cationic π-Amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:13870-13878. [PMID: 38917360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the synthesis, self-assembly, and antibacterial properties of naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-derived cationic π-amphiphiles. Three such asymmetric NDI derivatives with a nonionic hydrophilic wedge and a guanidine group in the two opposite sides of the NDI chromophore were considered. They differ by a single functional group (hydrazide, amide, and ester for NDI-1, NDI-2, and NDI-3, respectively), located in the linker between the NDI and the hydrophilic wedge. For NDI-1, the H-bonding among the hydrazides regulated unilateral stacking and a preferential direction of curvature of the resulting supramolecular polymer, producing an unsymmetric polymersome with the guanidinium groups displayed at the outer surface. NDI-3, lacking any H-bonding group, exhibits π-stacking without any preferential orientation and generates spherical particles with a relatively poor display of the guanidium groups. In sharp contrast to NDI-1, NDI-2 exhibits an entangled one-dimensional (1D) fibrillar morphology, indicating the prominent role of the H-bonding motif of the amide group and flexibility of the linker. The antibacterial activity of these assemblies was probed against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). NDI-1 showed the most promising antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ∼7.8 μg/mL against S. aureus and moderate activity (MIC ∼ 125 μg/mL) against E. coli. In sharp contrast, NDI-3 did not show any significant activity against the bacteria, suggesting a strong impact of the H-bonding-regulated directional assembly. NDI-2, forming a fibrillar network, showed moderate activity against S. aureus and negligible activity against E. coli, highlighting a significant impact of the morphology. All of these three molecules were found to be compatible with mammalian cells from the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and hemolysis assay. The mechanistic investigation by membrane polarization assay, live/dead fluorescence assay, and microscopy studies confirmed the membrane disruption mechanism of cell killing for the lead candidate NDI-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Khamrui
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arunima Mukherjee
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martínez D, Schlossarek T, Würthner F, Soberats B. Isothermal Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals Driven by Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403910. [PMID: 38635375 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic nature of calamitic liquid crystals is exploited to perform isothermal phase transitions driven by dynamic covalent chemistry. For this purpose, nematic (N) arrays based on aldehyde 1 were treated with different amines (A-E) in an on-surface process, which resulted in different isothermal phase transitions. These phase transformations were caused by in situ imination reactions and are dependent on the nature of the added amine. Transitions from the N to crystal (1A, 1E), isotropic (1B), and smectic (Sm) (1C, 1D) phases were achieved, while the resulting materials feature thermotropic liquid crystal behavior. A sequential transformation from the N 1 to the Sm 1C and then to the N 1B was achieved by coupling an imination to a transimination processes and adjusting the temperature. All of these processes were well characterized by microscopic, spectroscopic, and X-ray techniques, unlocking not only the constitutional but also the structural aspects of the phase transitions. This work provides new insights into designing constitutionally and structurally adaptable liquid crystal systems, paving the way toward the conception of programable evolutive pathways and adaptive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sangji MH, Lee SR, Sai H, Weigand S, Palmer LC, Stupp SI. Self-Sorting vs Coassembly in Peptide Amphiphile Supramolecular Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15878-15887. [PMID: 38848478 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The functionality of supramolecular nanostructures can be expanded if systems containing multiple components are designed to either self-sort or mix into coassemblies. This is critical to gain the ability to craft self-assembling materials that integrate functions, and our understanding of this process is in its early stages. In this work, we have utilized three different peptide amphiphiles with the capacity to form β-sheets within supramolecular nanostructures and found binary systems that self-sort and others that form coassemblies. This was measured using atomic force microscopy to reveal the nanoscale morphology of assemblies and confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine the distribution of fluorescently labeled monomers. We discovered that PA assemblies with opposite supramolecular chirality self-sorted into chemically distinct nanostructures. In contrast, the PA molecules that formed a mixture of right-handed, left-handed, and flat nanostructures on their own were able to coassemble with the other PA molecules. We attribute this phenomenon to the energy barrier associated with changing the handedness of a β-sheet twist in a coassembly of two different PA molecules. This observation could be useful for designing biomolecular nanostructures with dual bioactivity or interpenetrating networks of PA supramolecular assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hussain Sangji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sieun Ruth Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E Superior St., Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Steven Weigand
- DuPont-Northwestern-Dow Collaborative Access Team Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Advanced Photon Source/Argonne National Laboratory 432-A004, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E Superior St., Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E Superior St., Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu HR, Ren DD, Zhang K, Wang S, Yang XJ, Ding QR, Wu YP. Hierarchical chiral MOFs with the induced chirality of AIE ligands exhibiting non-reciprocal CPL. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6182-6185. [PMID: 38804974 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00925h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Two pairs of chiral MOFs with hierarchical chiral structures were constructed through assembly of achiral AIE-type multidentate linkers and chiral camphoric acid. Non-reciprocal circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) can be observed on the macroscopic due to the coexistence of optical anisotropic and chiroptical nature. This study provides a new perspective to recognize and construct chiral crystalline materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- State College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- State College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Xu-Jing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Qing-Rong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Ya-Pan Wu
- State College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Albano G, Portus L, Martinelli E, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Impact of Temperature on the Chiroptical Properties of Thin Films of Chiral Thiophene-based Oligomers. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300667. [PMID: 38339881 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
According to the theoretical model based on the Mueller matrix approach, the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) for thin films of chiral organic dyes can be expressed as the sum of several contributions, two of which are the most significant: 1) an intrinsic component (CDiso) invariant upon sample orientation, reflecting the molecular and/or supramolecular chirality, due to 3D-chiral nanoscopic structures; 2) a non-reciprocal component (LDLB) which inverts its sign upon sample flipping, which arises from the interaction of linear dichroism and linear birefringence in locally anisotropic domains, expression of 2D-chiral micro/mesoscopic structures. In this work, we followed in parallel through ECD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the temperature evolution of the supramolecular arrangements of thin films of five structurally related chiral thiophene-based oligomers with different LDLB/CDiso ratio. By increasing the temperature, regardless of phase transitions observed by DSC analysis, systems with strong CDiso revealed no changes in the ECD spectrum, while compounds with dominant LDLB contribution underwent a gradual (and reversible) reduction of (apparent) ECD signals. These findings demonstrated that the concomitant occurrence of intrinsic and non-reciprocal components in the ECD spectrum of thin films of chiral organic dyes is strictly correlated with solid-state organizations of different stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Portus
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Daniel J, Satheesh AP, Kartha Kalathil K. Self-Assembly of Discrete Multi-Chromophoric Systems. Chemistry 2024:e202401278. [PMID: 38803092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of chromophoric systems is a prerequisite to create well-ordered, processable nanomaterials with multiple functionalities. In the past two decades, the field of functional organic materials has primarily focused on systems featuring only one type of dye/π-conjugated unit. Consequently, many reports with mechanistic insights on the self-assembly of the dyes featuring different molecular packing have been reported. Subsequently, we have witnessed several attempts to organize the multi-chromophoric systems in solution and solid-state via different approaches using self-assembly as a tool. Incorporation of more than one dye is important in creating materials with tuneable optoelectronic properties. Consequently, self-assembly of more than one chromophoric systems have been investigated to some extent. This review aims to discuss the self-assembled materials derived from discrete π-conjugated systems comprising more than one dye units connected through covalent bonding (multi-chromophoric systems). Molecular design of various multi-chromophoric systems leading to the formation of crystals, liquid crystals and supramolecular polymers have been correlated with corresponding properties. We envisage that classification of self-assembled multi-chromophoric systems, with a note on tuneable optoelectronic properties, can provide a deeper understanding on the molecular design strategies, which is important in the fabrication of functional organic materials with optimum performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jomol Daniel
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Ashwin P Satheesh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnan Kartha Kalathil
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Guo Z, Liu Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Yu H, Ji L. Photoisomerization and thermal reconstruction induced supramolecular chirality inversion in nanofiber determined by minority isomer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124138. [PMID: 38503253 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Here, amphiphile GCH based on glutamide-cyanostilbene is designed and synthesized, it is found that it can assembly in acetonitrile, and shows circular dichroism signals. After Z-E isomerizaition by UV irradiation, the CD signal of the assembly can be inverted. Unexpectedly, after another heating and cooling process, the circular dichroism signals can be totally inverted even though the E-isomers are in minority. Finally, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations deeply elucidate the supramolecuar chirality inversion mechanism. This work brings some new insights into the control of chirality inversion, which may provide a perspective for the smart chiroptical materials construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yiran Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Linfeng Cui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 Hebei, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Lukang Ji
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yan C, Li Q, Wang K, Yang W, Han J, Li Y, Dong Y, Chu D, Cheng L, Cao L. "Gear-driven"-type chirality transfer of tetraphenylethene-based supramolecular organic frameworks for peptides in water. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3758-3766. [PMID: 38455015 PMCID: PMC10915834 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chirality transfer for natural chiral biomolecules can reveal the indispensable role of chiral structures in life and can be used to develop the chirality-sensing biomolecular recognition. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of achiral supramolecular organic frameworks (SOF-1, SOF-2, and SOF-3), constructed from cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivatives (1, 2, and 3), respectively, as chirality-sensing platforms to explore their chirality transfer mechanism for peptides in water. Given the right-handed (P) and left-handed (M) rotational conformation of TPE units and the selective binding of CB[8] to aromatic amino acids, these achiral SOFs can be selectively triggered in water by peptides containing N-terminal tryptophan (W) and phenylalanine (F) residues into their P- or M-rotational conformation, exhibiting significantly different circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Although various peptides have the same l-type chiral configuration, they can induce positive CD signals of SOF-1 and negative CD signals of SOF-2 and SOF-3, respectively. Based on the structural analysis of the linkage units between CB[8] and TPE units in these SOFs, a "gear-driven"-type chirality transfer mechanism has been proposed to visually illustrate the multiple-step chirality transfer process from the recognition site in the CB[8]'s cavity to TPE units. Furthermore, by utilizing the characteristic CD signals generated through the "gear-driven"-type chirality transfer, these SOFs can serve as chiroptical sensor arrays to effectively recognize and distinguish various peptides based on their distinctive CD spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Yan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Qingfang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Kaige Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Wanni Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jingyu Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Yawen Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Yunhong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Dake Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Liping Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Caricato M. A Perspective on the Simulation of Electronic Circular Dichroism and Circularly Polarized Luminescence Spectra in Chiral Solid Materials. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1197-1206. [PMID: 38295762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chiral materials have shown tremendous potential for many technological applications, such as optoelectronics, sensing, magnetism, information technology, and imaging. Characterization of these materials is mostly based on chiroptical spectroscopies, such as electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). These experimental measurements would greatly benefit from theoretical simulations for interpretation of the spectra as well as predictions on new materials. While ECD and CPL simulations are well established for molecular systems, they are not for materials. In this Perspective, we describe the theoretical quantities necessary to simulate ECD and CPL spectra in oriented systems. Then, we discuss the approximate strategies currently used to perform these calculations, what computational machinery is already available to develop more general approaches, and some of the open challenges for the simulation of ECD and CPL spectra in solid materials. When methods that are as reliable and computationally efficient as those for molecules are developed, these simulations will provide invaluable insight and guidance for the rational design of optically active materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rey-Tarrío F, Simón-Fuente S, Cuerva JM, Miguel D, Ribagorda M, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Metallo-Supramolecular Helical Fibres from Chiral Phenylacetylene Monomers: Cation Induced Self-Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318454. [PMID: 38185794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Chiral metallo-supramolecular fibres can be easily obtained by mixing a chloroform solution of a phenylacetylene monomer (PA) that bears a chiral sulfoxide group as pendant, with different equivalents of a methanolic solution of AgClO4 . Thus, while the PA is found molecularly dissolved in chloroform, the addition of Ag+ ions induce its aggregation through the formation of an axially chiral metallo-supramolecular aggregate with high thermal stable properties. In this case, the ability of the metal ion to coordinate the PA triple bond, combined with the argentophilicity of the metal ion and the planarity of the phenylacetylene drives to the formation of a helical coordination polymer, whose P or M axial chirality is determined by the chirality of the sulfoxide used as substituent of the PA. Depending on the PA/Ag+ (mol/mol) ratio, it is possible to tune the morphology of the metallo-supramolecular aggregate from chiral fibers to chiral gel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rey-Tarrío
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Simón-Fuente
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a la Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Delia Miguel
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada (UGR, UEQ), 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Ribagorda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Greciano EE, Schwalb AJ, Sánchez L. Effect of chirality in the supramolecular polymerization of N-annulated perylenediimides: Cancelling pathway complexity. Chirality 2024; 36:e23639. [PMID: 38384148 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis of two chiral NPBIs, (S)-1 and (R)-1, is reported and their self-assembling features investigated. The reported NPBIs form chiral supramolecular polymers with a rich dichroic pattern by the π-stacking of the aromatic backbones and the formation of an array of H-bonds between the amide functional groups. Furthermore, the peripheral 3,4,5-trialkoxy benzamide groups can form seven-membered pseudocycles by the intramolecular H-bonding interaction between the NH of the peripheral amides and one of the carbonyls of the imide units thus yielding a kinetically controlled self-assembly process. Unlike achiral NPBI 1, that has been reported to form up to four supramolecular polymorphs, the reported chiral NPBIs form only a J-type aggregated species. The results presented herein reveal how subtle changes exert an enormous influence on the supramolecular polymerization outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Greciano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso J Schwalb
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lago-Silva M, Fernández-Míguez M, Rodríguez R, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Stimuli-responsive synthetic helical polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:793-852. [PMID: 38105704 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dynamic helical polymers (supramolecular and covalent) and foldamers share the helix as a structural motif. Although the materials are different, these systems also share many structural properties, such as helix induction or conformational communication mechanisms. The introduction of stimuli responsive building blocks or monomer repeating units in these materials triggers conformational or structural changes, due to the presence/absence of the external stimulus, which are transmitted to the helix resulting in different effects, such as assymetry amplification, helix inversion or even changes in the helical scaffold (elongation, J/H helical aggregates). In this review, we show through selected examples how different stimuli (e.g., temperature, solvents, cations, anions, redox, chiral additives, pH or light) can alter the helical structures of dynamic helical polymers (covalent and supramolecular) and foldamers acting on the conformational composition or molecular structure of their components, which is also transmitted to the macromolecular helical structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Lago-Silva
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Manuel Fernández-Míguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|