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Meng X, Ding Z, Gao H, Ma Z, Pan L, Wang B, Li Y. Chromium Catalysts for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization Featuring Binuclear PNP Ligands. Molecules 2024; 29:2158. [PMID: 38731648 PMCID: PMC11085890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel binuclear PNP ligands based on the cyclohexyldiamine scaffold were synthesized for this study. The experimental results showed that positioning the two PNP sites at the para-positions of the cyclohexyl framework led to a significant enhancement in the catalytic activity for selective tri/tetramerization of ethylene. The PNP/Cr(acac)3/MAO(methylaluminoxane) catalytic system exhibited relatively high catalytic activity (up to 3887.7 kg·g-1·h-1) in selective ethylene oligomerization with a total selectivity of 84.5% for 1-hexene and 1-octene at 40 °C and 50 bar. The relationship between the ligand structure and ethylene oligomerization performance was further explored using density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Romano E, Barone V, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Revisiting Stereoselective Propene Polymerization Mechanisms: Insights through the Activation Strain Model. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400155. [PMID: 38494455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The stereoelectronic factors responsible for stereoselectivity in propene polymerization with several metallocene and post-metallocene transition metal catalysts have been revisited using a combined approach of DFT calculations, the Activation Strain Model, Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis and a molecular descriptor (%VBur). There are in most cases two different paths leading to the formation of stereoerrors (SE), and the classical model does not suffice to fully understand stereoregulation. Improving stereoselectivity requires raising the energies of both SE insertion transition states. Our analyses show that the degrees of deformation of the active site (catalyst+chain) and the prochiral monomer differ for these two paths, and between different catalyst classes. Based on such analyses we discuss: a) the subtle differences in SE formation between stereoselective catalysts with different ligand frameworks; b) the reason for exceptional stereoselectivity reported for a special ansa-metallocene catalyst; c) the (double) stereocontrol origin for isoselective catalysts; d) the electronic contribution for isoselective catalysts generating SE by a modification of the ligand wrapping mode during the polymerization. Although this study will not immediately suggest new catalyst structures, we believe that understanding stereoregulation in great detail will increase our chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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Hennebelle M, Cirillo Y, Manick AD, Nuel D, Martinez A, Chatelet B. Synthesis, Resolution, and Absolute Configuration of a Phosphine-Based Hemicryptophane Cage with an Endo Phosphorus Lone Pair and Formation of the Corresponding Gold Complex. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4741-4748. [PMID: 38525898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and chiroptical properties of a new class of hemicryptophanes combining a phosphine moiety and a cyclotriveratrylene unit are reported. The synthesis was short and efficient. The racemic mixture of the cage was resolved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), giving access to enantiopure molecular cages, whose absolute configurations could be assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. These new phosphines were then reacted with gold in order to make the corresponding enantiopure gold complexes. The X-ray structure reveals an endohedral functionalization of the cage with the gold metal entrapped in the heart of the cavity, leading to a Vbur of 58%. Moreover, the chirality of the cyclotriveratrylene unit was found to control the chiral arrangement of the aryl group linked to the phosphorus atom, located at the opposite side of the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hennebelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Yoann Cirillo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Didier Nuel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Bastien Chatelet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
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Tomasini M, Gimferrer M, Caporaso L, Poater A. Rhenium Alkyne Catalysis: Sterics Control the Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5842-5851. [PMID: 38507560 PMCID: PMC10988556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Metathesis reactions, including alkane, alkene, and alkyne metatheses, have their origins in the fundamental understanding of chemical reactions and the development of specialized catalysts. These reactions stand as transformative pillars in organic chemistry, providing efficient rearrangement of carbon-carbon bonds and enabling synthetic access to diverse and complex compounds. Their impact spans industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. In this work, we present a detailed mechanistic study of the Re(V) catalyzed alkyne metathesis through density functional theory calculations. Our findings are in agreement with the experimental evidence from Jia and co-workers and unveil critical factors governing catalyst performance. Our work not only enhances our understanding of alkyne metathesis but also contributes to the broader landscape of catalytic processes, facilitating the design of more efficient and selective transformations in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Martí Gimferrer
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August
Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano 84084, Italy
- CIRCC, Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis, via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
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Grillo A, Rusconi Y, D’Alterio MC, De Rosa C, Talarico G, Poater A. Ring Opening Polymerization of Six- and Eight-Membered Racemic Cyclic Esters for Biodegradable Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1647. [PMID: 38338928 PMCID: PMC10855523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The low percentage of recyclability of the polymeric materials obtained by olefin transition metal (TM) polymerization catalysis has increased the interest in their substitution with more eco-friendly materials with reliable physical and mechanical properties. Among the variety of known biodegradable polymers, linear aliphatic polyesters produced by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters occupy a prominent position. The polymer properties are highly dependent on the macromolecule microstructure, and the control of stereoselectivity is necessary for providing materials with precise and finely tuned properties. In this review, we aim to outline the main synthetic routes, the physical properties and also the applications of three commercially available biodegradable materials: Polylactic acid (PLA), Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB), all of three easily accessible via ROP. In this framework, understanding the origin of enantioselectivity and the factors that determine it is then crucial for the development of materials with suitable thermal and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Yolanda Rusconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Christian D’Alterio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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