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Li J, Feng Y, Liang L, Liao F, Huang W, Li K, Cui G, Zuo Z. Flexible Multicavity SERS Substrate Based on Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated Aluminum Hydrous Oxide Nanoflake Array for Highly Sensitive In Situ Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35771-35780. [PMID: 38935816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates are very promising to meet the needs for real-time and on-field detection in practical applications. However, high-performance flexible SERS substrates often suffer from complexity and high cost in fabrication, limiting their widespread applications. Herein, we developed a facile method to fabricate a flexible multicavity SERS substrate composed of a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-decorated aluminum hydrous oxide nanoflake array (NFA) grown on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. Strong plasmon couplings promoted by multiple nanocavities afford high-density hotspots within such a flexible AgNPs@NFA/PDMS film, boosting high SERS sensitivity with an enhancement factor (EF) of ∼1.54 × 109, and a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼7.4 × 10-13 M for rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules. Furthermore, benefiting from the high sensitivity, high mechanical stability, and transparency of this substrate, in situ SERS detections of trace thiram and crystal violet (CV) molecules on the surface of cherry tomatoes and fish have been realized, with LODs much lower than the maximum allowable limit in food, demonstrating the great potential of such a flexible substrate in food safety monitoring. More importantly, the preparation processes are very simple and environmentally friendly, and the techniques involved are completely compatible with well-established silicon device technologies. Therefore, large-area fabrication with low cost can be readily realized, enabling the extensive applications of SERS sensors in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapu Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Li Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Feng Liao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Kuanguo Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Guanglei Cui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Zewen Zuo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, 189 Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu 241003, China
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Wu R, Song X, Tian G. Fabrication of versatile Fe 3O 4/GO/Au composite nanomaterial as SERS-active substrate for detection of pesticide residue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44759-44769. [PMID: 38955969 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Highly active Fe3O4/GO/Au composite nanomaterial was fabricated as a substrate of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and applied for pesticide residue detection. The three-layer multifunctional Fe3O4/GO/Au nanoparticles (NPs) were designed by facile method, with high hotspots, and were characterized by various techniques, including ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption spectrometer (IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The performance of Fe3O4/GO/Au was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy with R6G as a probe molecule to verify its enhancement effect. It exhibited a strong Raman signal with 10-6 M of R6G. Furthermore, the presence of Fe3O4/GO/Au nanohybrid enabled the SERS-based method to detect mancozeb and showed an excellent linear relationship in the range of 0.25-25 ppm, with a low limit of detection (0.077 ppm), satisfactory EF, stability, and repeatability. In addition, the mechanism of SERS enhancement with electromagnetic mechanism (EM) and chemical mechanism (CM) was discussed in detail. Therefore, the proposed SERS approach holds promise as an auxiliary technique for screening contaminated agricultural products, environmental sample, and food in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, Shaanxi, China
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Tukur F, Tukur P, Hunyadi Murph SE, Wei J. Advancements in mercury detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs): a review. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11384-11410. [PMID: 38868998 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination remains a major environmental concern primarily due to its presence at trace levels, making monitoring the concentration of Hg challenging. Sensitivity and selectivity are significant challenges in the development of mercury sensors. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) are two distinct analytical methods developed and employed for mercury detection. In this review, we provide an overview of the key aspects of SERS and IIP methodologies, focusing on the recent advances in sensitivity and selectivity for mercury detection. By examining the critical parameters and challenges commonly encountered in this area of research, as reported in the literature, we present a set of recommendations. These recommendations cover solid and colloidal SERS substrates, appropriate Raman reporter/probe molecules, and customization of IIPs for mercury sensing and removal. Furthermore, we provide a perspective on the potential integration of SERS with IIPs to achieve enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in mercury detection. Our aim is to foster the establishment of a SERS-IIP hybrid method as a robust analytical tool for mercury detection across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tukur
- The Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, UNC at Greensboro, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA.
| | - Panesun Tukur
- The Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, UNC at Greensboro, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA.
| | - Simona E Hunyadi Murph
- Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), Aiken, SC, 29808, USA.
- University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jianjun Wei
- The Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, UNC at Greensboro, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA.
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Han D, Guo B, Li Y, Feng W, Liu K, Wu T, Wan Y, Wang L, Gao M, Liu Y, Yang L, Wei M, Yang S. Simultaneous photocatalytic degradation and SERS detection of tetracycline with self-sustainable and recyclable ternary PI/TiO 2/Ag flexible microfibers. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38505466 PMCID: PMC10948822 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Facile and efficient photocatalysts using sunlight, as well as fast and sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, are urgently needed for practical degradation of tetracycline (TC). To meet these requirements, a new paradigm for PI/TiO2/Ag organic‒inorganic ternary flexible microfibers based on semiconducting titanium dioxide (TiO2), the noble metal silver (Ag) and the conjugated polymer polyimide (PI) was developed by engineering a simple method. Under sunlight, the photocatalytic characteristics of the PI/TiO2/Ag flexible microfibers containing varying amounts of Ag quantum dots (QDs) were evaluated with photocatalytic degradation of TC in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the amount of Ag affected the photocatalytic activity. Among the tested samples, PI/TiO2/Ag-0.07 (93.1%) exhibited a higher photocatalytic degradation rate than PI/TiO2 (25.7%), PI/TiO2/Ag-0.05 (77.7%), and PI/TiO2/Ag-0.09 (63.3%). This observation and evaluation conducted in the present work strongly indicated a charge transfer mechanism. Moreover, the PI/TiO2/Ag-0.07 flexible microfibers exhibited highly sensitive SERS detection, as demonstrated by the observation of the Raman peaks for TC even at an extremely low concentration of 10-10 moles per liter. The excellent photocatalytic performance and SERS detection capability of the PI/TiO2/Ag flexible microfibers arose from the Schottky barrier formed between Ag and TiO2 and also from the outstanding plasmonic resonance and visible light absorptivity of Ag, along with immobilization by the PI. The successful synthesis of PI/TiO2/Ag flexible microfibers holds significant promise for sensitive detection and efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Boyang Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Yanru Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Keyan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Tianna Wu
- College of Science, Changchun University, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Yuchun Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Science, Changchun University, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, 130103 Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, 130103 Changchun, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, 130103 Changchun, China
| | - Maobin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, 130103 Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Science, Changchun University, 130022 Changchun, China
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Zhu C, Ren C, Jiang W, Liu D, Huang Y, Wang W, Chang K, Zhu L, Wang Q. A versatile SERS platform based on conductive MOF-enforced carbon paper for rapidly and sensitively monitoring diazepam in aquatic products. Food Chem 2024; 435:137608. [PMID: 37788540 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a versatile surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform was firstly constructed by integrating conductive metal organic framework (CMOF) with controlled electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) on flexible carbon paper (CP-CMOF@Au) for sensitively recognizing diazepam (DZP) in aquatic products. The CMOF not only provided a pre-concentration effect for boosting sensitivity, but also dramatically improved the intrinsic electrical conductivity contributing to homogeneous distribution of Au NPs and forming SERS-active "hot spot" with superior stability and reproducibility. Based on CP-CMOF@Au chip, DZP can be sensitively detected with low limit of detection of 0.64 ng mL-1 and wide linear detection range from 0.001 to 10 μg mL-1. Also, DZP in aquatic products can be collected and recognized using multiple approaches (drip coating, soaking and wiping) with excellent reusability and satisfactory recovery of 85.8-103.3%. This method would provide an ingenious SERS strategy for rapidly monitoring DZP in aquatic products with good practical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaoying Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenshan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kuan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Long Zhu
- College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Qinzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Chen S, Chen L, Zhang Y, Xu D, Hu C, Zhang L, Chen J. Silver nanosheets self-assembled on polystyrene microspheres to form "hot spots" with different nanogap distances for high sensitive SERS detection. Talanta 2024; 268:125370. [PMID: 37924804 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported a facile method to control the nanogap distance of silver (Ag) nanosheets to obtain high sensitive plasmonic Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. The sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) microspheres with different diameters were first fabricated using micro-emulsion synthesis, and then the SPS microspheres were coated with Ag nanosheets through chemical synthesis with citric acid/ascorbic acid to form Ag nanosheets@SPS (Ag@SPS) substrates with different nanogap distances. The results showed that the nanogap distance of Ag nanosheets self-assembled on SPS microspheres reduced from 80-150 nm to 28-68 nm when the diameter of SPS microspheres increased from 0.9 to 3.5 μm, and the enhancement factor (EF) increased from 105 to 107, the limit of detection of rhodamine 6G (R6G) for the Ag@SPS microspheres reduced from 10-10 to 10-13 mol/L. It confirmed that the Ag nanosheets coated on the surface of SPS microspheres could achieve ultra trace detection of analyte. Furthermore, the low concentration detection limit for melamine with the Ag@SPS microspheres substrate was about 10-8 mg/L, which is lower than the standard legislated by the European Union and the Food & Drug Administration. In addition, the SERS spectrum of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) could be also detected when its concentration was 10-8 mol/L. The prepared substrate offered a promising opportunity for SERS practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Chenglong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China.
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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Wang Y, Xie Q, Jiang C. Modulation of the emission spectrum of rare-earth ions using inverse-designed photonic crystals cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4346-4364. [PMID: 38297638 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Rare-earth elements play an indispensable role in the optical communication and laser industries, due to their superior luminescent properties. Nevertheless, the selective enhancement and suppression of different emission bands during energy level transitions for multi-band emitting rare-earth ions presents a significant research challenge, which we aim to address. This study explores the potential of leveraging an inverse-designed dual-cavity photonic crystals structure to manipulate the emission spectrum, thereby facilitating the augmentation or suppression of distinct emission bands. We utilized a convolutional neural network model to establish the relationship between geometric parameters and the local density of states, forecasting the optimal cavity geometry parameters for achieving the desired modulation outcomes. This paper delineates the neural network's generalization capabilities, along with the modulation efficacy of the dual-cavity configuration, both confirmed through numerical validation. Our findings highlight the modulatory capacity of Dy3+ ions, which exhibit three emission spectrum in the visible range, to achieve pure color light emission within the devised cavity structure. Notably, our approach yielded enhancements of up to 2.79-fold and 2.81-fold in pure yellow and red light emissions respectively, compared to free space emissions. The single-sided emission enhancement reaches 16.28-fold for yellow light and 30.79-fold for red light. This emphasizes the transformative potential of this methodology in crafting rare-earth-based luminescent materials with meticulously engineered emission attributes.
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Bui DT, Kubíčková L, Kuličková J, Bouř P, Kessler J, Řezanka P, Kaman O. Gold nanoshells with magnetic cores and a urea-based receptor for SERS sensing of fluoride anions: experimental and computational study. Analyst 2023; 148:5070-5083. [PMID: 37668375 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The study demonstrates that a combination of plasmonic nanostructures and artificial receptors can be applied for sensing small molecular species. Gold nanoshells containing magnetic cores are used as the SERS-active substrates, which opens the way for the development of multimodal contrast agents with applicability extended to sensing or for the separation of analytes by magnetic solid-phase extraction. Disubstituted ureas forming hydrogen-bonded complexes with certain anions can be employed as molecular sensors. In this case study, gold nanoshells with silica-coated Mn-Zn ferrite cores were prepared by a multistep procedure. The nanoshells were co-functionalized with an N-(4-mercaptophenyl)-N'-(4-nitrophenyl)urea sensor synthesized directly on the gold surface, and with 4-nitrothiophenol, which is adopted as an internal standard. SERS measurements were carried out with acetonitrile solutions of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Bu4NF) over a concentration range of 10-10-10-1 mol L-1. The spectral response of the sensor is dependent on the fluoride concentration in the range of 10-5-10-1 mol L-1. To investigate further the SERS mechanism, a model sensor, N-(4-bromophenyl)-N'-(4-nitrophenyl)urea, was synthesized and used in Raman spectroscopy with solutions of Bu4NF, up to a molar ratio of 1 : 20. The spectra and the interactions between the sensors and fluoride anions were also studied by extensive DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Thuy Bui
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kubíčková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jarmila Kuličková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bouř
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Kessler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kaman
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Fachbereich Chemie, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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