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Santos JAV, Silva D, Marques MPM, Batista de Carvalho LAE. Platinum-based chemotherapy: trends in organic nanodelivery systems. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39037425 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the investment in platinum drugs research, cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are still the only Pt-based compounds used as first line treatments for several cancers, with a few other compounds being approved for administration in some Asian countries. However, due to the severe and worldwide impact of oncological diseases, there is an urge for improved chemotherapeutic approaches. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical application of platinum complexes is hindered by their inherent toxicity and acquired resistance. Nanodelivery systems rose as a key strategy to overcome these challenges, with recognized versatility and ability towards improving the safety, bioavailability and efficacy of the available drugs. Among the known nanocarriers, organic systems have been widely applied, taking advantage of their potential as drug vehicles. Researchers have mainly focused on the development of lipidic and polymeric carriers, including supramolecular structures, with an overall improvement of encapsulated platinum complexes. Herein, an overview of recent trends and strategies is presented, with the main focus on the encapsulation of platinum compounds into organic nanocarriers, showcasing the evolution in the design and development of these promising systems. This comprehensive review highlights formulation methods as well as characterization procedures, providing insights that may be helpful for the development of novel platinum nanocarriers aiming at future pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A V Santos
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Silva
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Paula M Marques
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís A E Batista de Carvalho
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Khabbazian S, Mirhadi E, Gheybi F, Askarizadeh A, Jaafari MR, Alavizadeh SH. Liposomal delivery of organoselenium-cisplatin complex as a novel therapeutic approach for colon cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 242:114085. [PMID: 39018910 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely-used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various solid neoplasms including colon cancer. Cisplatin-induced DNA damage is restricted due to dose-related adverse reactions as well as primary resistance mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to utilize novel therapeutic approaches to circumvent cisplatin limitations and attenuate its normal tissues toxicity. In this study, we exploited a novel PEGylated liposomes with greater efficiency to treat colon cancer. For this, an organoselenium compound (diselanediylbis decanoic acid (DDA)) was synthesized, and liposomes composed of Egg PC or HSPC, as well as DOPE, mPEG2000-DSPE, cholesterol and DDA at varying molar ratios were prepared by using thin-film method. Cisplatin loading was performed through incubation with liposomes. Characterization of nanoliposomes indicated a favarable size range of 91-122 nm and negative zeta potential of -9 to -22 mv. The organoselenium compound significantly improved cisplatin loading efficiency within the liposomes (83.4 %). Results also revealed an efficient bioactivity of cisplatin liposome on C26 cells compared to the normal cells. Further, DDA bearing liposomes significantly improved drug residence time in circulation, reduced toxicity associated with the normal tissues, and enhanced drug accumulation within the oxidative tumor microenvironment. Collectively, results indicated that cisplatin encasement within liposomes by using this method could significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy in vivo, and merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Khabbazian
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mirhadi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gheybi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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McAdam AD, Batchelor LK, Romano-deGea J, Vasilyev D, Dyson PJ. Thermoresponsive carboplatin-releasing prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 254:112505. [PMID: 38377623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs, while potent, are associated with numerous and severe side effects. Hyperthermia therapy is an effective adjuvant in anticancer treatment, however, clinically used platinum drugs have not been optimised for combination with hyperthermia. The derivatisation of existing anticancer drugs with appropriately chosen thermoresponsive moieties results in drugs being activated only at the heated site. Perfluorinated chains of varying lengths were installed on carboplatin, a clinically approved drug, leading to the successful synthesis of a series of mono- and di- substituted platinum(IV) carboplatin prodrugs. Some of these complexes display relevant thermosensitivity on ovarian cancer cell lines, i.e., being inactive at 37 °C while having comparable activity to carboplatin under mild hyperthermia (42 °C). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry indicated that carboplatin is likely the active platinum(II) anticancer agent upon reduction and cyclic voltammetry revealed that the length of the fluorinated alkyl chain has a strong influence on the rate of carboplatin formation, regulating the subsequent cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aemilia D McAdam
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucinda K Batchelor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Romano-deGea
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Vasilyev
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Singh D, Sharma Y, Dheer D, Shankar R. Stimuli responsiveness of recent biomacromolecular systems (concept to market): A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129901. [PMID: 38316328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli responsive delivery systems, also known as smart/intelligent drug delivery systems, are specialized delivery vehicles designed to provide spatiotemporal control over drug release at target sites in various diseased conditions, including tumor, inflammation and many others. Recent advances in the design and development of a wide variety of stimuli-responsive (pH, redox, enzyme, temperature) materials have resulted in their widespread use in drug delivery and tissue engineering. The aim of this review is to provide an insight of recent nanoparticulate drug delivery systems including polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, lipid-based nanoparticles and the design of new polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs), with a major emphasis on natural along with synthetic commercial polymers used in their construction. Special focus has been placed on stimuli-responsive polymeric materials, their preparation methods, and the design of novel single and multiple stimuli-responsive materials that can provide controlled drug release in response a specific stimulus. These stimuli-sensitive drug nanoparticulate systems have exhibited varying degrees of substitution with enhanced in vitro/in vivo release. However, in an attempt to further increase drug release, new dual and multi-stimuli based natural polymeric nanocarriers have been investigated which respond to a mixture of two or more signals and are awaiting clinical trials. The translation of biopolymeric directed stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems in clinic demands a thorough knowledge of its mechanism and drug release pattern in order to produce affordable and patient friendly products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Yashika Sharma
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi 174103, Himachal Pradesh, India; Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Yu X, Jia S, Yu S, Chen Y, Zhang C, Chen H, Dai Y. Recent advances in melittin-based nanoparticles for antitumor treatment: from mechanisms to targeted delivery strategies. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:454. [PMID: 38017537 PMCID: PMC10685715 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As a naturally occurring cytolytic peptide, melittin (MLT) not only exhibits a potent direct tumor cell-killing effect but also possesses various immunomodulatory functions. MLT shows minimal chances for developing resistance and has been recognized as a promising broad-spectrum antitumor drug because of this unique dual mechanism of action. However, MLT still displays obvious toxic side effects during treatment, such as nonspecific cytolytic activity, hemolytic toxicity, coagulation disorders, and allergic reactions, seriously hampering its broad clinical applications. With thorough research on antitumor mechanisms and the rapid development of nanotechnology, significant effort has been devoted to shielding against toxicity and achieving tumor-directed drug delivery to improve the therapeutic efficacy of MLT. Herein, we mainly summarize the potential antitumor mechanisms of MLT and recent progress in the targeted delivery strategies for tumor therapy, such as passive targeting, active targeting and stimulus-responsive targeting. Additionally, we also highlight the prospects and challenges of realizing the full potential of MLT in the field of tumor therapy. By exploring the antitumor molecular mechanisms and delivery strategies of MLT, this comprehensive review may inspire new ideas for tumor multimechanism synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Siyu Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shi Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Haidan Chen
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
| | - Yanfeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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Sotoudeh Bagha P, Kolanthai E, Wei F, Neal CJ, Kumar U, Braun G, Coathup M, Seal S, Razavi M. Ultrasound-Responsive Nanobubbles for Combined siRNA-Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Delivery to Bone Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2393. [PMID: 37896153 PMCID: PMC10609961 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to present an ultrasound-mediated nanobubble (NB)-based gene delivery system that could potentially be applied in the future to treat bone disorders such as osteoporosis. NBs are sensitive to ultrasound (US) and serve as a controlled-released carrier to deliver a mixture of Cathepsin K (CTSK) siRNA and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs). This platform aimed to reduce bone resorption via downregulating CTSK expression in osteoclasts and enhance bone formation via the antioxidant and osteogenic properties of CeNPs. CeNPs were synthesized and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mixture of CTSK siRNA and CeNPs was adsorbed to the surface of NBs using a sonication method. The release profiles of CTSK siRNA and CeNPs labeled with a fluorescent tag molecule were measured after low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation using fluorescent spectroscopy. The maximum release of CTSK siRNA and the CeNPs for 1 mg/mL of NB-(CTSK siRNA + CeNPs) was obtained at 2.5 nM and 1 µg/mL, respectively, 3 days after LIPUS stimulation. Then, Alizarin Red Staining (ARS) was applied to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was applied to human osteoclast precursors (OCP) to evaluate osteogenic promotion and osteoclastogenic inhibition effects. A higher mineralization and a lower number of osteoclasts were quantified for NB-(CTSK siRNA + CeNPs) versus control +RANKL with ARS (p < 0.001) and TRAP-positive staining (p < 0.01). This study provides a method for the delivery of gene silencing siRNA and CeNPs using a US-sensitive NB system that could potentially be used in vivo and in the treatment of bone fractures and disorders such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Sotoudeh Bagha
- BiionixTM (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (P.S.B.); (F.W.); (M.C.)
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (E.K.); (C.J.N.); (U.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Fei Wei
- BiionixTM (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (P.S.B.); (F.W.); (M.C.)
| | - Craig J. Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (E.K.); (C.J.N.); (U.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Udit Kumar
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (E.K.); (C.J.N.); (U.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Gillian Braun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA;
| | - Melanie Coathup
- BiionixTM (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (P.S.B.); (F.W.); (M.C.)
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (E.K.); (C.J.N.); (U.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- BiionixTM (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (P.S.B.); (F.W.); (M.C.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Tan L, Fan J, Zhou Y, Xiong D, Duan M, Hu D, Wu Z. Preparation of reversible cross-linked amphiphilic polymeric micelles with pH-responsive behavior for smart drug delivery. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28165-28178. [PMID: 37753398 PMCID: PMC10518665 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A new type of reversible cross-linked and pH-responsive polymeric micelle (PM), poly[polyethylene glycol methacrylate-co-2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate]-b-poly [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] [P(PEGMA-co-AEMA)-b-PDMAEMA], was synthesized for targeted delivery of curcumin. After reversible cross-linking of the micellar shell, the PMs with a typical core-shell structure exhibited excellent stability against extensive dilution and good reversibility of pH-responsiveness in solutions with different pH values. P(PEGMA9-co-AEMA6)-b-PDMAEMA10 has the lowest critical micelle concentration (CMC) value (0.0041 mg mL-1), the highest loading capacity (13.86%) and entrapment efficiency (97.03%). A slow sustained drug release at pH 7.4 with 12.36% in 108 h, while a fast release (42.36%) was observed at pH 5.0. Furthermore, a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method was employed to investigate the self-assembly process and pH-responsive behavior of PMs. The optimal drug-carrier ratio (2%) and fraction of water (92%) were confirmed by analyzing the drug distribution and morphology of micelles during the self-assembly process of the block copolymer. The simulation results were consistent with experimental results, indicating DPD simulation shows potential to study the structure properties of reversible cross-linked micelles. The present findings provide a new method for the development of SDDS with good structural stability and controlled drug release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
- National & Local United Engineering Research Centre for Chemical Process Simulation and Integration, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Jinling Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Di Xiong
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Manzhen Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Ding Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
- National & Local United Engineering Research Centre for Chemical Process Simulation and Integration, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
- National & Local United Engineering Research Centre for Chemical Process Simulation and Integration, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
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Kshetri M, Jogadi W, Alqarni S, Datta P, Cheline M, Sharma A, Betters T, Broyles D, Zheng YR. Exploring the Impact of Head Group Modifications on the Anticancer Activities of Fatty-Acid-like Platinum(IV) Prodrugs: A Structure-Activity Relationship Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13301. [PMID: 37686109 PMCID: PMC10487970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted the first comprehensive investigation on the impact of head group modifications on the anticancer activities of fatty-acid-like Pt(IV) prodrugs (FALPs), which are a class of platinum-based metallodrugs that target mitochondria. We created a small library of FALPs (1-9) with diverse head group modifications. The outcomes of our study demonstrate that hydrophilic modifications exclusively enhance the potency of these metallodrugs, whereas hydrophobic modifications significantly decrease their cytotoxicity. To further understand this interesting structure-activity relationship, we chose two representative FALPs (compounds 2 and 7) as model compounds: one (2) with a hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) head group, and the other (7) with a hydrophobic hydrocarbon modification of the same molecular weight. Using these FALPs, we conducted a targeted investigation on the mechanism of action. Our study revealed that compound 2, with hydrophilic modifications, exhibited remarkable penetration into cancer cells and mitochondria, leading to subsequent mitochondrial and DNA damage, and effectively eradicating cancer cells. In contrast, compound 7, with hydrophobic modifications, displayed a significantly lower uptake and weaker cellular responses. The collective results present a different perspective, indicating that increased hydrophobicity may not necessarily enhance cellular uptake as is conventionally believed. These findings provide valuable new insights into the fundamental principles of developing metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kshetri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Wjdan Jogadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Suha Alqarni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bisha, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payel Datta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - May Cheline
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Tyler Betters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Deonya Broyles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Yao-Rong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 236 Integrated Sciences Building, Kent, OH 44242, USA (S.A.); (P.D.); (M.C.)
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