Development of validated methods for the simultaneous quantification of Finasteride and Tadalafil in newly launched FDA-approved therapeutic combination: greenness assessment using AGP, analytical eco-scale, and GAPI tools

Integrated approach of white analytical chemistry and design of experiments to microwave-assisted sensitive and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric estimation of mirabegron using 4-chloro-7-nitrobezofuran as biosensing fluorescent probe

The USFDA recently approved mirabegron, a novel once-daily β-3 adrenoceptor agonist for oral administration, as a transformative treatment for overactive bladder. Despite the existence of numerous analytical methods for the assay and bioanalysis of mirabegron, it's perplexing that none have explored the domain of microwave-assisted sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for mirabegron estimation, even after extensive literature review. Adding to the enigma is the insistence of current analytical methods on using expensive and harmful organic solvents, posing a threat to marine life and the broader environment. Recently, the white analytical chemistry approach has been introduced to develop analytical methods that are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and user-friendly. Consequently, a white analytical chemistry-based, sensitive, and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric estimation of mirabegron has been initiated, using 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a fluorescent biosensing probe. The development of this robust method involved a series of experiments designed to minimize solvent and time wastage. Through a combination of fractional factorial and Box-Behnken designs, researchers identified the critical variables and optimized the method to perfection. This method was validated according to the stringent ICH Q2 (R2) and USFDA guidelines, ensuring its reliability and accuracy. Once approved, this sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was tested, accurately estimating mirabegron levels in commercial formulations and rat plasma samples. To further enrich the study, a comprehensive evaluation of existing analytical methods was conducted alongside the proposed spectrofluorimetric method, using advanced tools like the AGREE calculator, GAPI software, and RGB model to assess their eco-friendliness and effectiveness in mirabegron estimation.

A design of experiment based RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of antihypertensive drugs with greenness assessment

The correlation between blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk has a continuous, positive, and linear pattern. Lowering high BP decreases the risk associated with cardiovascular disease. Chlorthalidone (CHD) and Losartan potassium (LOS) combination is used to treat hypertension. The analytical community was concerned with minimizing or reducing the use of toxic chemicals and solvents. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective green RP-HPLC method to determine CHD and LOS simultaneously in a short analysis of time. Method optimization was performed by Central composite design (CCD), the flow rate and the change of time were chosen as factors. Effective separation was conducted on Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) column by gradient mobile phase comprising phosphate buffer and ethanol flowing at 0.859 ml/min, and the wavelength detected at 230 nm. As per ICH criteria, the technique was proven to be precise, accurate, and linear over the concentration range of 4.3-8.1 μg/ml for CHD and 35-65 μg/ml for LOS. Furthermore, the method's greenness was examined by three different metrics, confirming that less toxic effect on the environment. Hence, the optimized approach proves to be eco-friendly, simple, and robust for the concurrent evaluation of CHD and LOS in pharmaceutical formulations.

The effectiveness of multivariate and univariate spectrophotometric techniques for the concurrent estimation of ornidazole and ciprofloxacin HCl in tablet formulation and spiked serum: estimating greenness and whiteness profile

In this manuscript, the effectiveness of multivariate and univariate tools in conjunction with spectrophotometric techniques was evaluated for the concurrent analysis of ciprofloxacin (CI) and ornidazole (OR) in prepared mixtures, tablets, and human serum. The artificial neural network was chosen as the multivariate Technique. Bayesian regularization (trainbr) and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms (trainlm), were constructed and trained using feed-forward back-propagation learning. The optimal logarithm was determined based on mean recovery, mean square error of prediction (MSEP), relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP), and bias-corrected MSEP (BCMSEP) scores. Trainbr outperformed trainlm, yielding a mean recovery of 100.05% for CI and 99.84% for OR, making it the preferred algorithm. Fourier self-deconvolution and mean-centering transforms were chosen as the univariate Techniques. Fourier self-deconvolution was applied to the zero-order spectra of ciprofloxacin and ornidazole by electing an appropriate full width at half maximum, enhancing peak resolution at 380.1 nm and 314.2 nm for CI and OR, respectively. Mean centering transform was applied to CI and OR ratio spectra to eliminate constant signals, enabling accurate quantification of CI and OR at 272.0 nm and 306.2 nm, respectively. The introduced approaches were optimized and validated for precise CI and OR analysis, with statistical comparison against the HPLC method revealing no notable differences. The sustainability of these approaches was confirmed through the green certificate (modified eco-scale), AGP, and whiteness-evaluation tool, corroborating their ecological viability.

Sustainable UV approaches supported by greenness and whiteness assessments for estimating a recently FDA-approved combination for managing urologic disorders: Tukey's test

Erectile dysfunction caused by a urinary tract infection and an enlarged prostate is a common problem among men nowadays. A brand-new FDA-approved combination of finasteride (FNS) and tadalafil (TDF) is currently recommended, particularly for those with prostatic problems in addition to erectile dysfunction. TDF boosts FNS's short-term efficacy in addition to treating erectile dysfunction, one of the sexual adverse effects typically associated with FNS therapy. Accordingly, this research introduces three straightforward spectrophotometric techniques for determining FNS and TDF in their pure and pharmaceutical forms concurrently, in addition to providing a dissolution study for their formulation as per the FDA's directions. FNS and TDF have superimposed UV spectra, making direct concurrent analysis of these medications impossible. To resolve this overlap, we utilized the following UV techniques: the dual-wavelength method, the deconvoluted Fourier method, and the ratio difference method, with linear ranges of (0.50-15) µg/mL for TDF and (5-100) µg/mL for FNS. The LODs ranged from (0.12-0.15) µg/mL and (0.88-1.14) µg/mL, while the LOQs ranged from (0.37-0.46) µg/mL and (2.66-3.45) µg/mL for TDF and FNS, respectively. The proposed techniques were verified as per ICH recommendations and compared statistically to the published approach using three statistical tests. A complete green profile was provided to assess the foregoing techniques' greenness using four metrics, along with the whiteness assessment using the RGB algorithm. The foregoing UV methods have been demonstrated to be sustainable, highly sensitive, specific, and suitable for quality assurance testing.

Green and Smart Quantitative Quality Control for Veterinary Mixture of Ivermectin and Clorsulon: Ecological Evaluation of Spectral Analyses via Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical GREEnness Metric Approaches

BACKGROUND

The global financial market is still highly threatened by bovine fasciolosis, a parasitic infection that targets cattle, mainly in tropical regions. Binary combination of ivermectin (IVER) and clorsulon (CLO), in challenging concentration ratios, is typically indicated for treatment and control of fasciolosis.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims at smart simultaneous spectrophotometric assay of both compounds at their high ratio in marketed formulation and synthetic mixtures, without any prior separation. Furthermore, their greenness profile was evaluated and compared with previous reported assay methods, including the official one.

METHODS

Mathematical-based proposed methods are the dual-wavelength, induced dual-wavelength, and first derivative ratio methods. Each is developed, optimized, and applied to determine simultaneously IVER and CLO at linear ranges of 1-30 and 5-40 μg/mL, respectively. They have been validated according to ICH guidelines. Statistical Student t-tests and F-tests compared the proposed methods with a USP chromatographic technique. Ecological appraisal is accomplished using three independent metrics: Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE).

RESULTS

Satisfactory recoveries, ICH compliance, and adherence of proposed methods to the ecological safety margin are achieved.

CONCLUSIONS

Developed methods are eco-friendly and cost-effective and can accomplish a routine quantitative quality control for concurrent determination of both drugs.

HIGHLIGHTS

Veterinary antimicrobials need analytical quality control using safer and green methodologies. Data manipulated spectral analyses of IVER and CLO, in a ratio of 1:10% (v/v), are developed and optimized. AES, GAPI, and AGREE approaches illustrate the high green compliance in respect to assays reported in the literature. Furthermore, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) assay for IVER and CLO in injectable dosage form depends on analysis of each drug separately in the presence of the other drug, but it cannot determine both drugs simultaneously.